Paskutinio Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės didžiojo maršalo Liudviko Skumino Tiškevičiaus sveikata, mityba ir mirtis

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Collection:
Mokslo publikacijos / Scientific publications
Document Type:
Straipsnis / Article
Language:
Lietuvių kalba / Lithuanian
Title:
Paskutinio Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės didžiojo maršalo Liudviko Skumino Tiškevičiaus sveikata, mityba ir mirtis
Alternative Title:
Health, nutrition and death of Ludwik Skumin Tyszkiewicz, the last Grand Marshal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Authors:
Burba, Domininkas
In the Journal:
Acta historica universitatis Klaipedensis [AHUK]. 2022, t. 43, p. 49-71. Defeating disease in the changing society of the Southeast Baltic from the 18th to the 20th century = Ligų įveika besikeičiančioje Pietryčių Baltijos visuomenėje: XVIII-XX amžiai
Subject Category:
LT
1569-1795. Lietuva ATR laikotarpiu; 1795-1915. Lietuva Rusijos imperijos sudėtyje; 13 amžius - 1569. Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė. LDK; Socialinės problemos / Social problems; Sveikata / Health; Sveikatos priežiūra / Health care; Lietuva (Lithuania); Rusija (Russia).
Summary / Abstract:

LTPer Abiejų Tautų Respublikos padalijimus ir po jų XVIII–XIX amžių sandūroje Lietuvos elitas patyrė daug permainų: ėmė ryškėti takoskyra tarp Apšvietos idėjų šalininkų ir konservatyviosios aristokratijos. Pirmieji siekė reformų ir valstybės savarankiškumo bei visuomenės progreso. Antrieji nepalaikė pertvarkų ir siekė išsaugoti buvusią visuomenės sanklodą, neretai siekė Rusijos imperijos politikų paramos. Būtina tyrinėti ne tik to laikotarpio elito veiksmus politikos srityje, bet ir jų buitį bei gyvenimo būdą. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, ką galima sužinoti apie veiksnius, galėjusius padaryti įtaką Liudviko Skumino Tiškevičiaus (1751–1808) – vieno svarbesnių XVIII–XIX amžių sandūros Lietuvos politinių veikėjų – sveikatai. Pagrindinis straipsnio herojus istoriografijoje vertintas kaip vienas iš konservatyvių pažiūrų didikų, didžiausią dėmesį skyręs savo materialinių gėrybių kaupimui. Darbe tiriama, kas žinoma apie grafo sveikatos sutrikimus. Taip pat aiškinamasi, kokie produktai buvo vartojami jo virtuvėje, kurie jo gyvenime egzistavę streso veiksniai galėjo padaryti įtaką jo sveikatai. Taip pat minimos jo mirties aplinkybės ir laidotuvės. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Rusijos imperija, aristokratija, sveikata, ligos, alkoholio vartojimas. [Iš leidinio]

ENLudwik Skumin Tyszkiewicz (1751–1808), the last Grand Marshal of the Duchy of Lithuania and First Marshal of the Nobles of the Lithuanian Governorate in Tsarist Russia, was not known as a gifted politician. He supported the conservatives in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth before the Third Partition in 1795, and he was among the nobles who were supported by Russia and who were fundamentally hostile to reforms and the Constitution of 3 May 1791. In the Russian Empire, he was quite loyal to the new government, with no higher ambitions. Contemporaries and historians often emphasised Skumin Tyszkiewicz’s pursuit of wealth and luxury as troubling. Could it have directly or indirectly influenced his health? The article deals with this issue. The main sources were the accounts of Tyszkiewicz’s Vilnius treasury and provincial estates, and other informative financial documents, which tell us about the nobleman’s diet and his purchases of medication. Tyszkiewicz’s personal and financial correspondence, his memoirs and his funeral sermon, were used as well. During the early period of his life, references to Tyszkiewicz’s health problems are not very numerous. In fact, they are rather fragmentary and unspecific. However, at the beginning of the 19th century, Tyszkiewicz’s health was seriously undermined, he suffered from gout and other health problems, and he very rarely left his Garodnia estate. Knowledge about the aristocrat’s kitchen is indeed plentiful. Meat was served in abundance: beef (which probably predominated), lamb, pork, turkey, chicken and goose meat were all used in Skumin Tyszkiewicz’s kitchen. In addition, we know that wild animals were served (hare, roe deer, beaver, elk), wild birds (hazel grouse, partridge, western capercaillie, black grouse, common snipe), and small birds (such as nightingale, Bohemian waxwing, and even European bee-eater).There was also no shortage of fish, both local (pike, perch, tench, eel, European cisco and others), and imported (sturgeon, anchovy, herring). The nobleman used eggs, local and imported cheeses, rye bread and wheat bread, and rice. There was no shortage of vegetables either (carrots, lettuce, parsley, dill, cabbage, kohlrabi, potatoes). Tyszkiewicz’s kitchen was full of spices (black peppers, allspice, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg). Chocolate, coffee, cream, sugar and honey were used as well. We also know quite a lot about local and imported alcohol for the nobleman: Burgundy, Hungarian wines, Champagne, regular and strong beer, porter, English ale, and French and cinnamon vodka. It can be concluded from the accounts that he consumed a lot of alcohol, especially beer. Research into the diet of his last year shows that although he used alcoholic beverages, sugar and a large quantity of flour dishes, Tyszkiewicz’s diet really did not lack healthy products, such as vegetables, greens, lean meat and fish. His death, however, was hardly unexpected, according to the memoirs of his daughter Anna Potocka. Presenting the results of the autopsy in his memoirs, Joseph Frank wrote that Skumin Tyszkiewicz must have felt unwell, as he was found with a completely ossified aorta, huge kidney stones and stony lung calcifications, a consequence of gout.It is difficult to judge whether the pursuit of luxury and abundant consumption led to the death of Skumin Tyszkiewicz. He lived as was usual in his epoch. The lifestyles of many other nobles were hardly different. But a deeper comparative analysis, requiring future research, may answer this question. Keywords: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russian Empire, aristocracy, biography, health, disease, nutrition, alcohol consumption. [From the publication]

DOI:
10.15181/ahuk.v43i0.2488
ISSN:
1392-4095; 2351-6526
Subject:
Istorija / History
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https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/99712
Updated:
2023-03-14 20:10:16
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