Žmogaus lytinių organų pavadinimai XIX amžiaus pabaigos – XX amžiaus pradžios populiarinamuosiuose medicinos raštuose

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Collection:
Mokslo publikacijos / Scientific publications
Document Type:
Knyga / Book
Language:
Lietuvių kalba / Lithuanian
Title:
Žmogaus lytinių organų pavadinimai XIX amžiaus pabaigos – XX amžiaus pradžios populiarinamuosiuose medicinos raštuose
Alternative Title:
Names of human genitalia in popular medical writings of the late 19th – early 20th century
Authors:
Zemlevičiūtė, Palmira
Publication Data:
Vilnius : Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2021.
Pages:
Elektroninis (PDF), 108 p
Notes:
Bibliografija.
Contents:
Įvadinės pastabos — 1. Žmogaus lytinių organų pavadinimų šaltiniai; 2. Bendrieji lytinių organų pavadinimai; 3. Vyro lytinių organų pavadinimai: 3.1. Vidinių vyro lytinių organų pavadinimai; 3.2. Išorinių vyro lytinių organų pavadinimai — 4. Moters lytinių organų pavadinimai: 4.1. Vidinių moters lytinių organų pavadinimai; 4.2. Išorinių moters lytinių organų pavadinimai — Išvados — Šaltiniai — Literatūra — Žmogaus lytinių organų pavadinimų žodynėlis — Names of human genitalia in popular medical writings of the late 19th – early 20th century.
Subject Category:
LT
Leksika. Kalbos žodynas / Lexicon; Terminija / Terminology; Žodžių kilmė. Etimologija / Word origin. Etymology.
Summary / Abstract:

LTDarbo tyrimo objektą sudaro XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. gydytojų populiarinamuosiuose medicinos raštuose (knygose, knygelėse ir straipsniuose) (žr. Šaltinių sąrašą) vartoti žmogaus lytinių organų pavadinimai. Tyrimu siekiama išsiaiškinti, kokie žmogaus lytiniai organai gydytojų buvo įvardyti daugiau nei prieš šimtą metų, ir nustatyti tų organų pavadinimų kūrimo polinkius. Siekiant šio tikslo keliami tokie uždaviniai: 1) surinkti žmogaus lytinius organus įvardijančius žodžius iš XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. gydytojų populiarinamųjų medicinos raštų; 2) išsiaiškinti, kokie bendrieji bei vyro ir moters lytiniai organai įvardyti tais žodžiais, t. y. identifikuoti jų reikšmes; 3) nustatyti žmogaus lytinių organų pavadinimų kūrimo būdus; 4) sudaryti žmogaus lytinių organų pavadinimų žodynėlį. Surinkti pavadinimai buvo suskirstyti į tris grupes atsižvelgiant į tai, kokius organus – bendruosius, vyro, moters – jie įvardija. Pastarųjų dviejų grupių viduje tie pavadinimai dar buvo diferencijuojami į vidinius ir išorinius lytinių organų pavadinimus. Po to pereita prie lingvistinės jų analizės. Nagrinėjant žmogaus lytinių organų pavadinimų reikšmes taikomi aprašomasis analitinis, semantinės, kontekstinės interpretacinės analizės ir gretinamasis metodai. Jei renkant kalbamuosius pavadinimus buvo remtasi semasiologine (nuo termino prie sąvokos), tai juos klasifikuojant, priešingai, onomasiologine (nuo sąvokos prie termino) kryptimi. Taip analizės ašimi tapo anatomijos sąvoka. [...]. [Iš Įvado]

ENThis study deals with the names of the human genitalia used by doctors in popular medical writings (books, booklets, and articles) of the late 19th – early 20th century to find out which common, male and female genitalia were designated over a century ago and to identify their meanings and the trends for creating names for those genitalia. The study reveals both the origins and developmental characteristics of creating names for human genitalia and the process of developing the Lithuanian medical writings, making it important from the standpoint of both the underlying subject (human anatomy) and language (terminology). The genitalia system and its diseases were among the rare taboo topics in the period’s medical publications, one that would be omitted, circumvented in one way or the other, and would not be willingly touched upon even by doctors as such. They would describe the vital organs and systems of the human being, but would rarely address the genitalia in any kind of detail, if at all. Nonetheless, objective reasons (sexually transmitted diseases spreading across towns and villages during and after the war) were forcing doctors to find the courage to address this topic to forewarn the people. In the beginning, the genitalia and the related physiological processes or STDs would be named indirectly (with euphemisms), stigmatised, yet eventually doctors started to break this taboo down. First and foremost, doctors needed terms to describe the human genitalia, because STDs and their symptoms could not be described without some reference to the genitalia. Which presented doctors with the uneasy task of creating terms. There are three typical ways in which names for the human genitalia would be forged: (1) the terminological rendering of words from the living (or written) language); (2) borrowing terms from other languages; (3) creating new terms.First, doctors looked for the right words to denominate anatomical concepts in the living language and would render them terminological, plus they had some of the available written sources at their disposal. Another way to make up names for the human genitalia was to borrow them from other languages; doctors would resort to this method only when they were unable to find the right words in the living language or to coin the term themselves. Mostly, these were borrowings of Greek or Latin origin, even though doctors kept their use at a minimum lest they were misunderstood by the readers. Failing to find the right words to denominate the genitalia in Lithuania or in other languages, doctors would create new terms themselves, using the lexical potential of their own language and foreign languages. Most of the newly-made names were compound, which made it easier to designate difficult concept. The majority of the new terms can be perceived as one-ofa- kind or situational occasionalisms that often were recorded in the written work of an individual doctor. Some of the new terms could have been the product of translation from other languages. That was the most productive way of making names for the human genitalia, pulling way ahead of creating terms out of common words or borrowing them from other languages. The meaning of human genitalia is often difficult to grasp out of context. The anatomical meanings of most of the names are vague and can be clarified and identified with context and its juxtaposition with the modern anatomy handbook when necessary, as well as synonyms or Latin counterparts and pictures, if any. The medical writings concerned often use the names of the human genitalia in a chaotic, inconsistent manner – even in a text by the same doctor – resulting in a plenitude of variants and synonyms.It suggests that doctors of the period were concerned about the content rather than the expression, aiming to convey anatomical knowledge to the common reader in the most understandable way possible, and, of course, the target (the reader of the texts) as such. Doctors’ writings from the late 19th – early 20th century were the first texts that tore down the veil of secrecy that had covered everything related to sex and sex life for many centuries. With these writings, doctors were enlightening the common person on the anatomical issues of sex just as they were trying to prevent them from STDs. The names of the human genitalia found in those tracts were the forerunners of their scientific counterparts. Most of the names in question did not catch on, mainly due to their vague, often contextual meaning, various stylistic connotations, and other characteristics, and that is the legacy of the historical Lithuanian medical terminology, while the terms egg (Lith. 'kiaušinėlis'), genitalia (Lith. 'lytinis organas'), penis (Lith. 'varpa'), root of penis (Lith. 'varpos šaknis'), sperm (Lith. 'sėkla'), uterus (Lith. 'gimda'), vagina (Lith. 'makštis'), have become conventional and are used to this day. [From the publication]

DOI:
10.35321/e-pub.20.lytiniu-organu-pavadinimai
ISBN:
9786094112997
Subject:
Kalbotyra / Linguistics
Related Publications:
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https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/99518
Updated:
2023-03-28 16:04:32
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