Individualaus konstitucinio skundo įgyvendinimo iššūkiai: Lietuvos patirtis

Collection:
Mokslo publikacijos / Scientific publications
Document Type:
Straipsnis / Article
Language:
Lietuvių kalba / Lithuanian
Title:
Individualaus konstitucinio skundo įgyvendinimo iššūkiai: Lietuvos patirtis
Alternative Title:
Challenges to the implementation of individual constitutional complaints: Lithuanian experience
In the Book:
Vėliau paskelbta leidinyje: Individualaus konstitucinio skundo įgyvendinimo iššūkiai. Vilnius : Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas, 2022. P. 14-43, 90-119, 166-200
In the Journal:
Konstitucinė jurisprudencija. 2021, Nr. 2, p. 266-289
Keywords:
LT
Konstitucinė teisė. Konstitucija / Constitutional law. Constitution; Socialinės teisės / Social rights; Teismai. Teismų praktika / Courts. Case-law.
Summary / Abstract:

LTAtkūrus Lietuvos Nepriklausomybę 1992 m. spalio 25 d. priimtoje Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijoje pirmą kartą buvo įtvirtinta konstitucinės kontrolės institucija – Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas. Konstitucijos 106 straipsnyje buvo nustatyta, kad į Konstitucinį Teismą dėl įstatymų, kitų Seimo teisės aktų, Vyriausybės nutarimų ir Respublikos Prezidento dekretų atitikties Konstitucijai gali kreiptis valstybės valdžios institucijos – Seimas arba Seimo narių grupė, Vyriausybė, Respublikos Prezidentas ir teismai. Asmenims galimybė tiesiogiai kreiptis į Konstitucinį Teismą pateikiant individualų konstitucinį skundą nebuvo suteikta. Asmenys, manydami, kad jų konstitucinės teisės ar laisvės yra pažeistos valstybės valdžios institucijų priimtu teisės aktu, galėjo prašyti jų bylą nagrinėjančio teismo inicijuoti atitinkamą kreipimąsi į Konstitucinį Teismą. Tiesa, toks asmens prašymas teismui nėra privalomas – pagal Konstituciją teismai privalo kreiptis į Konstitucinį Teismą tik kai jiems kyla abejonių dėl byloje taikomo teisės akto konstitucingumo. 2019 m. rugsėjo 1 d. įsigaliojus Konstitucijos 106, 107 straipsnių pataisoms2, Lietuvos konstitucinės kontrolės modelis buvo papildytas individualaus konstitucinio skundo institutu. Pagal Konstitucijos 106 straipsnio 4 dalį (2019 m. kovo 21 d. redakcija) Konstitucijoje ir Konstitucinio Teismo įstatyme nustatytomis sąlygomis teisę kreiptis į Konstitucinį Teismą dėl jo kompetencijai priskirtų aktų atitikties Konstitucijai įgijo kiekvienas asmuo, kurio konstitucinės teisės ar laisvės yra (buvo) pažeistos. Įtvirtinus šį naują konstitucinį institutą, Lietuvos teisės sistemoje buvo sudarytos sąlygos asmenims tiesiogiai kreiptis į Konstitucinį Teismą pateikiant individualų konstitucinį skundą, t. y. sudarytos prielaidos veiksmingiau ginti žmogaus teises konstituciniu lygmeniu. [Iš teksto, p. 266]

ENFollowing the entry into force of amendments to Articles 106 and 107 of the Constitution on 1 September 2019, the model of constitutional control in Lithuania was supplemented by the institution of individual constitutional complaints. In accordance with Paragraph 4 (wording of 21 March 2019) of Article 106 of the Constitution, under the conditions laid down in the Constitution and the Law on the Constitutional Court, the right to apply to the Constitutional Court regarding the compliance of acts falling within its competence with the Constitution has been acquired by every person whose constitutional rights or freedoms are (were) violated. After the establishment of this new constitutional institution, the preconditions were created in the Lithuanian legal system for the more effective protection of human rights at the constitutional level. The legitimisation of individual constitutional complaints is a particularly important step for each state under the rule of law. The institution of individual constitutional complaints has great importance for the whole development of constitutional law, as it opens up new possibilities of developing the official constitutional doctrine by interpreting the articles, paragraphs, or items of the Constitution that have so far not been interpreted or by revealing additional aspects of the already formulated official constitutional doctrine. Direct access by persons to the Constitutional Court makes it possible to identify more effectively shortcomings in the system of legal acts and, in a shorter time period, to remove from the legal system those provisions that are in conflict with the Constitution and whose constitutionality has not been referred to the Constitutional Court by other subjects specified in the Constitution.The provisions of the Constitution consolidating the right of natural and legal persons to apply to the Constitutional Court and the constitutional jurisprudence interpreting them lead to the conclusion that Lithuania has chosen a limited normative model of constitutional complaints. After the respective provisions of the Constitution were amended and the circle of subjects that can apply to the Constitutional Court was expanded, the competence of the Constitutional Court with regard to the scope of matters under its consideration was not broadened. In addition, the Constitutional Court continues to exercise only abstract constitutional review, even if cases are examined following the petitions of natural or legal persons relating to the violation of specific constitutional rights or freedoms.In the light of the two-year experience of the Constitutional Court in examining individual constitutional complaints and, in particular, in adjudicating on the admissibility of such complaints, it should be noted that, as in other states where the institution of individual constitutional complaints is applied, the absolute majority of petitions filed by natural and legal persons are inadmissible for consideration in the Constitutional Court. This can be explained by the fact that the institution of individual constitutional complaints is recent enough; the conditions for the admissibility of individual complaints are not fully clear to persons applying to the Constitutional Court. For instance, during the first year, a large part of complaints was refused to be dealt with because the petitioners applied to the Constitutional Court by requesting it to examine the constitutionality of legal acts not falling within the competence of the Constitutional Court or by challenging the legal acts on the basis of which the violation of law had been committed well before the entry into force of the respective constitutional amendments. Thus, the Constitutional Court is currently developing a comprehensive doctrine on the admissibility of individual constitutional complaints. Nevertheless, despite the significant increase in the workload of the Constitutional Court and the increase in the number of petitions before the Constitutional Court due to the legitimisation of individual constitutional complaints, the Constitutional Court has so far succeeded in resolving the dilemma of a smoothly functioning Constitutional Court and the effective mechanism of human rights protection. [From the publication]

ISBN:
9789955688525
ISSN:
1822-4520
Subject:
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https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/99329
Updated:
2024-05-09 17:03:53
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