Mažiau žinomi prūsiški gyvenamųjų vietų vardai pietinėje Rytų Prūsijoje

LTRašant apie prūsišką vardyną, būtina turėti galvoje ir kitų baltų kalbų vardyną, tautosaką, mitologiją, istoriją, archeologiją, kultūrą, etnologiją, nes be visų tų mokslų sintezės tyrimai jau nebeįmanomi. Prūsų vardyno tyrimai pradėti XIX amžiuje, XX amžiuje jau tapo neatskiriama baltų filologijos dalis. Didžiausi nuopelnai priklauso Jurgiui Geruliui (1912, 1922), Ernst Lewy (1904) ir Reinholdui Trautmannui (1925). 1985 m. garsiojo baltisto, indoeuropeisto ir onomasto iniciatyva pasirodė pirmasis naujos serijos "Hydronymia Europaea“, leidžiamos Mainco mokslų ir literatūros akademijos, tomas (Górnowicz 1985)1. Iš viso buvo išleisti 20 tomų, skirtų vandenvardžių tyrimams, trys specialieji tomai, skirti gyvenamųjų vietų aptarimui (žr. Przybytek 1993; Blažienė 2000, 2005) ir paskutinis tomas buvo specialiųjų tomų indeksas (Eggers 2006). Kolegos lenkai medžiagą rinko iš rašytinių šaltinių. Straipsnio autorė, labai seniai nusprendusi, kad patikimiausia medžiaga yra gausiuose Vokiečių ordino rankraštiniuose paminkluose, ištikimai dirbo ir tebedirba būtent su autentiškiausia medžiaga – rankraštiniais dokumentais. Įdėmiai susipažinus su lenkų vardyno tyrėjos 1993 metų darbu, paaiškėjo, kad ne visa medžiaga, apimanti jos tiriamą sritį, t. y. pietinę Rytų Prūsijos dalį, atsispindi toje dalyje, taip pat kapitaliniame Lenkijos onomastų veikale "Nazwy miejscowe Polski“, pradėtame leisti 1996 metais, redaguojant lenkų onomastikos milžinui Kazimierzui Rymutui. Todėl 2005 metų autorės monografijoje buvo nutarta papildyti R. Przybytek tirtą sritį naujai surastais ar interpretuotinais gyvenamųjų vietų vardais. [Iš straipsnio, p. 76]

ENThe research of the Prussian onomasticon is inseparable from the onomasticon of other Baltic languages, folklore, mythology, history, archaeology, culture, or ethnology, because without the synthesis of all those sciences such studies are impossible. Research into the Prussian onomasticon began in the 19th century, and by the 20th century it had already become an integral part of Baltic philology. Among the most deserving researchers are Jurgis Gerulis, Reinhold Trautmann, Janis Endzelyns, Vytautas Mažiulis, Vladimir Nikolayevich Toporov. One should not forget the immeasurable input into the studies of the Prussian onomasticon made by Wolfgang P. Schmidt, a famous German Balticist, Indo-Europeanist and onomastician, who, together with his Polish colleagues, began publishing a new series Hydronymia Europaea, the first volume of which appeared in 1985. Many researchers of the Prussian onomasticon, including Polish scholars, study it on the basis of written material, but the author of the current paper believes that the most reliable and authentic sources are the rich manuscript documents of the German Order (GO). It is this viewpoint and acquaintance with the research carried out by colleagues that have repeatedly shown that not all Prussian material, covering southern East Prussia, collected by Polish scholars is reflected in the Polish series, Nazwy miejscowe Polski which have been published since 1996. It has long been clear that onomasticians must be familiar with the specifics of the documents from which empirical material is being collected. An invaluable asset in the research process is the ability of the researcher to make the distinction between land names and place names. The GO manuscripts also contain valuable data on the naming of Prussians and settlements of people of other nationalities in the Prussian lands.The study of empirical material also reveals a phenomenon that existed in East Prussia at that time – several names of the same settlements, i. e. settlements with two names, the emergence of which was most likely due to a change in the ownership of the settlements. For example, among such settlement names the name Smausgheyeyn villa (village) can be mentioned, which was written circa 1400 A. D. and mentioned in later sources as 1474 das Dorf Cleyn Smaußeyn, 1543 Bundicken, 1785 Bündken, circa 1790 Bindken, 1946 Buendken – Bądki, 1951 Bądki – Bündtken. The Prussian onomasticon has been studied in Lithuania and abroad since the second half of the 20th century, i.e., for many years, during which it was possible to prove that Prussian proper names are the separate object of research and that the fundamental works of Jurgis Gerulis and Reinhold Trautmann were only a solid beginning, based on which the representatives of many onomastics schools (Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish, Russian, German, etc.) developed their research directions. In Lithuania, the Prussian onomasticon is studied by the author of the current paper and her student dr. Darius Ivoška, who has understood the significance of manuscript heritage for Onomastics. Prussian hydronyms were described by Feliksas Daubaras. The Prussian onomasticon is used by many scholars of the world as an aid in researching Lithuanian and Latvian proper names and in explaining complex problems of Indo-European studies.Undoubtedly, the Prussian onomasticon needs to be studied very carefully, cautiously and accurately, as the Prussian language is now dead, leaving us with more than a thousand proper names – place names, land names, hydronyms, personal names from which the Prussian appellatives can be restored, i.e., common words, that may enrich the legacy of the now scarce general vocabulary of the Prussian language. Prussian proper names are the earliest witnesses of the Baltic languages, as they were very neatly written in the books of the GO Chancellery. The clerks of the Order wrote down the Prussian proper names from the living language, and later, as more folios of the Order were written, the names were copied from one folio to another. It is clear from the examples given in the article that there were more names of Prussian settlements than were examined by Rozalia Przybytek in her work published in 1993. It is also clear that the study of the Prussian onomasticon is in many respects a complex process that provides knowledge about both the language and the history of the nation that no longer exists. [From the publication]