Armuoto betono bažnyčios: architekto Antano Vivulskio (1877-1919) kūrybos kontekstas

LTSakralinių pastatų statybai ir architektūrinei raiškai skiriamas didžiulis visuomenės ir architektų dėmesys, naudojamos kokybiškos medžiagos, taikomos naujos statybos technologijos. Architekto Antano Vivulskio (1877–1919) ryžtas statyti Lietuvoje, Vilniuje, bažnyčios pastatą iš armuoto betono (gelžbetonio) sietinas su jo studijų metu Vakarų Europoje, ypač Prancūzijoje, prasidėjusia armuoto betono bažnyčių statyba. Straipsnyje analizuojama A. Vivulskio bažnyčios statybos projekto Vilniuje kontekstas, pateikiama XX a. pradžios armuoto betono bažnyčių statybos Prancūzijoje pavyzdžių. Reikšminiai žodžiai: armuotas betonas (gelžbetonis), bažnyčios pastatas, Antanas Vivulskis (1877–1919), Auguste Perret (1874–1954). [Iš leidinio]

ENDuring the 19th century, low-cost production of iron and steel, when added to the invention of portland cement in 1824, led to the development of reinforced concrete. In 1867, the French gardener Joseph Monier patented a method of strengthening thin concrete flowerpots by embedding iron wire mesh into the concrete. J. Monier later applied his ideas to patents for buildings and bridges. In 1879, another Frenchman, François Hennebique, set out to fireproof a metal-frame house, and his decision to cover the iron beams with concrete led him to develop a structural system wherein the metal bars (replacing iron beams) carried tension and the concrete carried compression. By the end of the century reinforced concrete had become an economical substitute for stone, since it was generally cheaper to produce concrete than to quarry stones. In addition to its price and load-carrying advantages, reinforced concrete could be molded into a variety of shapes, allowing for much aesthetic expression on the part of the engineer without significantly increasing materials or cost. The most prolific designers first using reinforced concrete were Hennebique and the German engineer G. A. Wayss, who bought the Monier patents. Hennebique’s Vienne River Bridge at Châtellerault, France, built in 1899, was the longest-spanning reinforced arch bridge of the 19th century. In 1904, the Isar River Bridge at Grünewald, Germany, designed by Emil Morsch for Wayss’s firm, became the longest reinforced-concrete span in the world at 69 metres.The construction and architectural expression of sacral buildings receive a great deal of attention from the public and architects, high-quality materials are used, and new construction technologies are applied. The article analyses the context of the church construction projects and presents the examples of the construction of reinforced concrete churches in France at the beginning of the 20th century. The determination of architect Antanas Vivulskis (1877–1919) to build sacral building of reinforced concrete in Vilnius is related to the construction of reinforced concrete churches that began during his studies in Western Europe, especially in France. Key words: Reinforced concrete, church buildings, Antanas Vivulskis (1877–1919), Auguste Perret (1874–1954). [From the publication]

• Antanas Vivulskis (1877-1919) : tradicijų ir modernumo dermė / Nijolė Lukšionytė-Tolvaišienė. Vilnius : Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla, 2002. 163 p.
• Šiluvos koplyčia - unikalus XX a. pradžios architektūros pavyzdys / Nijolė Lukšionytė. Meno istorija ir kritika. 2009, 5, p. 86-94.