Mandagumo šnekos aktai vaikų kalboje: pragmatinės klaidos ir įsisavinimas

LTStraipsnyje aptariama sustabarėjusiomis frazėmis reiškiamų mandagumo šnekos aktų (pasisveikinimo, atsisveikinimo, dėkojimo, mandagumo žodžių prašau / prašom, atsiprašymo, sveikinimo ir linkėjimo) raiška ir raida dviejų vaikų, 1;6–2;71 amžiaus berniuko ir 1;8–2;8 amžiaus mergaitės, kalboje. Tyrimo imtasi siekiant papildyti lietuvių vaikų lingvistinės pragmatikos tyrimus. Nors mandagumo reiškinys vaikų kalboje laikytinas svarbiu pragmatikos raidos ir komunikacinės kompetencijos rodikliu, iki šiol vis dar trūksta mandagumo įsisavinimą lietuvių vaikų kalboje analizuojančių tyrimų. Tyrimo duomenų šaltinis – du natūralaus stebėjimo metodu sukaupti vaikų kalbos tekstynai, reprezentuojantys tirtų vaikų kalbos raidą per maždaug vienus metus. Atliekant tyrimą, tekstynuose ieškota mandagumo šnekos aktų, jie fiksuoti ir analizuoti. Duomenų analizė atskleidė, kad trečiųjų metų pradžioje tirti vaikai jau taisyklingai vartojo daugelį tirtų mandagumo šnekos aktų. Gausiai iliustruojant, straipsnyje aktualizuojami iki minėto laikotarpio rasti sunkumai įsisavinti mandagumo šnekos aktus (vaikų darytos pragmatinės klaidos) ir tėvų pastangos socializuoti vaikus, interakcijoje taikant mandagumo ugdymo strategijas. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Psicholingvistika; Vaikų kalba; Mandagumo šnekos aktai; Kalbos įsisavinimas; Kalbos socializacija; Mandagumo ugdymas; Psycholinguistics; Children’s speech; Speech acts; Language acquisition; Socialization into politeness.

ENThe paper aims to discuss the expression and development of politeness speech acts, i.e. greeting, saying goodbye, thanking, usage of the word please, apology, congratulation and wishes, in the speech of a Lithuanian boy, aged 1;6–2;7, and a girl, aged 1;8–2;8. The source of data contains two corpora of transcribed conversations of the children mostly interacting with their mothers (about 20 and 27 hours of recordings are transcribed). The corpora are developed by scholars of Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania. One of the foci of analysis is to discuss the expression and development of the above-mentioned politeness speech acts and common pragmatic errors regarding the usage of politeness formulas in the children’s speech. Another focus is the investigation of the socialization strategies applied by the parents. Based on the current research by different scholars, the article raises the hypothesis that Lithuanian children in the second or third year of life acquire the majority of politeness speech acts as discussed in this paper. The analysis revealed that at the beginning of the observation children lacked communicative competence to use politeness speech acts in a pragmatically appropriate way. They confused situations when to use politeness formulas of thanking, apology and the word please and lacked the knowledge of how to use politeness adjacency pairs. The study also shows that the repetition of parents’ politeness formulas was common. Furthermore, the appropriate use of spontaneous and pragmatic greeting and saying goodbye was observed first, and only later the usage of thanking and the word please appeared. However, only few examples of other politeness speech acts (i.e. apology, congratulation and wishes) were observed in the corpus. Therefore, further research is necessary.The results demonstrate that at the beginning of the third year the children used most of the politeness speech acts appropriately. An early acquisition was affected by children’s familiarisation with politeness routines taught by their parents. The parents directed and prompted their children to repeat politeness formulas, elicited them by questions or performatives and sometimes taught children to be polite by producing metalinguistic comments. Current research seems to indicate that other Lithuanian children could demonstrate similar developmental patterns of politeness speech acts and make similar pragmatic errors as well as being similarly socialized to use politeness formulas. [From the publication]