Politinė teologija ir kas toliau
LTReikšminiai žodžiai: Politika; Politinė teologija; Politinė filosofija; Carl Scmitt; Moralė; Liberalizmas; Demokratija; Konservatizmas; Konservatoriai; Politinis diskursas; Politics; Political theology; Political philosophy; Carl Scmitt; Morality; Liberalism; Democracy; Conservatism; Conservatives; Political discourse; Lithuania.
ENThe article analyses main themes in the political philosophy of Carl Scmitt (1888-1985). Its first part is devoted to a discussion of Carl Schmitt's "political-theological formula" which affirms that "All significant concepts of the modern theory of the state are secularised theological concepts not only because of their historical development [...], but also because of their systematic structure" (Politische Theologie). It is argued that what is meant by this "systematic analogy" between the political and the theological spheres is a fundamental dependence of the political structures on the dominating "theology" in the broadest sense of the word. The political self-expression of a human community is shaped by the perceived theological demand (or the lack of it). Thus, for example, the omnipotent God of the post-Tridentine theology becomes the absolute monarch of the Ancient Regime. Likewise, while deist theology and metaphysics abolishes miracles (i.e. the transgression of the laws of nature by God), liberal jurisprudence (in Schmitt's eyes, closely connected to the deist world-view) abolishes a sovereign's direct intervention in a valid legal order. Carl Schmitt's political philosophy emerges as a precise and powerful hermeneutic tool for the investigation of the political-theological arrangements in history. Moreover, every political practice and doctrine implicitly proposes a specific understanding of human destiny, and an answer to the question, "What is man?" Thus every political practice is implicitly theological. What, then, distinguishes the sphere of politics from that of theology, and what constitutes specifically political attitude?.In his seminal book Dcr Bcgriff des Politischen, Schmitt offers the following definition of "the political": "Specifically political distinction into which political actions and motives can be reduced is the distinction between friend and enemy". It provides a point of departure for a discussion of the main themes in Schmitt's political philosophy, namely anti-liberal polemics with Weimar and a critique of democracy, a denunciation of the de-politicising tendencies of the "technological age", as well as of the fiction of the "neutral" state and the conflictless political order. Finally, Carl Scmitt's teaching on sovereignty and his doctrine of "decisionism" are discussed in the context of the autoritarian dictatorships of the 20th century (Franco and Pinochet). Ultimately Schmitt's analyses are applied to illuminate the political state of contemporary Lithuania. The emergence of political forces which declare themselves "above politics", as well as the popularity of the ideal of a politician as a neutral, apolitical "manager" attests to the dominating depoliticising tendencies of the age. A conservative argument for the rehabilitation of the "political" as a theoretically autonomous sphere is offered. Simultaneously the author questions the credentials of the liberal-democratic political order, which ostensibly bases itself on the individual's sovereign and self-legitimating will. [From the publication]
