Sukilimo organizacija Vilniuje

LTLietuvos ir Baltarusijos provincijų sukilimo vadovybė telkėsi Vilniuje. Kelis kartus keitėsi jos pavadinimas, narių sudėtis ir veiklos kryptis. Vilniuje rezidavo Tautinės vyriausybės Varšuvoje deleguoti komisarai, veikė pogrindinė miesto organizacija, turėjusi savo struktūrą ir darbuotojų tinklą. Iš čia buvo palaikomas ryšys su sukilėlių būriais, Gardino, Kauno, Minsko ir Vilniaus gubernijų, sukilėlių vadintų vaivadijomis, bei apskričių sukilimo organizacija. 1863 m. rugpjūčio pradžioje sukilimo tautinė organizacija pradėjo byrėti po nepavykusio pasikėsinimo į A. Domeiką. Slaptosios vykdomosios policijos nario A. Mirošnikovo parodymai Politinių bylų tardymo komisijai padėjo atskleisti Vilniuje susitelkusią vadovybę, drauge atiduoti karo lauko teismui 32 asmenis. Du iš jų paaukojo gyvybę, kiti iškeliavo j tremtį. Keliolikai asmenų pavyko laiku pasitraukti ir išvengti bausmės. A. Mirošnikovui tereikėjo prabilti apie Piaseckio namą, kur gyveno slaptosios vykdomosios policijos viršininkas Ksaveras Boneckis, pravarde Dombas ar Gugonas. Kolegijos asesorius Jevreinovas, kuriam buvo pavestas tyrimas pagal A. Mirošnikovo parodymus, netruko išsiaiškinti, kad butą šiame name nuomojo du jauni vyrai. Vienas jų išvyko iš miesto, kitas - Henrikas Kuleša - išsikėlė į Gano viešbutį. Rugpjūčio 3 d. Jevreinovas padarė kratą viešbutyje, rado sukilimo organizacijos antspaudų eskizus, Lietuvos herbą, durklą, policijos leidimą išvykti iš Vilniaus ir suėmė H. Kulešą. A. Mirošnikovas jį atpažino kaip iš miesto dingusio K. Boneckio subnuomininką. Tą akimirką prasidėjo Vilniaus organizacijos griūtis. [Iš straipsnio, p. 73]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Sukilimas, 1863-1864 (Lenkijos ir Lietuvos sukilimas; Sausio sukilimas; January Uprising).

ENThe fourth chapter discusses the collapse of the national organisation of the uprising. The testimony of the above-mentioned Miroshnikov helped to expose not only the members of the secret police squad, but also the leadership located in Vilnius. The main characters of this chapter are Mieczysław Dormanowski (1836-1863 12 21), who operated under the alias Ludwik Suchodolski, Ignacy Zdanowicz (1841 01 01-1863 12 21) and Tytus Dalewski (1840 05 01-1863 12 30). Dormanowski, who descended from Prussia's Bydgoszcz district (today, Poland), was an active member of the Warsaw branch of the uprising. The national government delegated him to the administration of the Lithuanian provinces. He was appointed a commissar of the Vilnius voivodeship, cooperated with the authorised commissar of the Lithuanian provinces Nestor Du Laurans and his deputy Marian Rogaliński. Other rebels from the Kingdom of Poland held various positions in Vilnius as well. Ksawery Boniecki was in charge of the secret police squad, and other arrivals were members of the Vilnius secret police and performed other duties. Dormanowski involved in conspiratorial activity a resident of Warsaw, engraver Henryk Sztejnmann, who produced stamps of the uprising organisation and blanks for printing proclamations, a student of the Warsaw Superior School Franciszek Langner, who was appointed a deputy commissar of the Vilnius voivodeship, and other persons. The Warsaw merchants Leon and Szymon Junger and Albert Cohn also took part in the activity of the Vilnius organisation. Dor-manowski's identity and his role in the uprising were revealed by the testimony of a courier of the rebel organisation, the Warsaw joiner Julian Nalborski. Dormanowski's case was linked to those of other arrested members of the organisation that operated in Vilnius and its governorate, above all, the civil commander of the Vilnius Governorate Franciszek Konoplański and district managers.Another member of the Vilnius organisation was the resident of Vilnius Ignacy Zdanowicz, the son of the history teacher of the Vilnius Noblemen's Institute Aleksander Zdanowicz. Ignacy studied mathematics at the universities of Saint Petersburg and Berlin. At the start of the uprising, his father demanded that he should return to Vilnius, hoping to protect his son from the bad influence of hot-blooded students. Yet Zdanowicz, possibly through Kalinowski, got involved in underground activity and was appointed the treasurer of the city of Vilnius. His role in the uprising was disclosed by his associate, a former student of Dorpat (Tartu) University, and the head of the Vilnius secret police Stanisław Orzeszko, who knew the members of the rebel organisation. During interrogation Zdanowicz denied taking part in the Vilnius organisation, and only talked about his communication with his fellow students. He did not betray a single member of the organisation. Sobolevsky's Interrogation Commission for Political Cases placed under court martial 32 members of the Vilnius rebel organisation, including Dormanowski and Zdanowicz. They were tried by a court martial under the general staff of the 27th infantry division. The court proposed a death sentence by shooting to 13 persons, and stricter or milder sentences to others depending on their involvement. On 20 December 1863, Muravyov changed the court's sentence. He ordered Dormanowski, an active member of the Vilnius organisation, and Zdanowicz "as a stubborn and most damaging plotter" to be hanged, and others were given various sentences of deportation or hard labour. Dormanowski and Zdanowicz were hanged on 21 December 1863 in Lukiškių Square in Vilnius.A close associate of Kalinowski, a resident of Vilnius, a former student of Moscow University, the youngest child of the Dalewski family and the brother of Siera-kowski's wife, Tytus Dalewski was arrested on 8 December 1863. Like Kalinowski, he was a good conspirator, but he was betrayed by the physician Ludwik Dziczkowski, who was arrested in Kaunas and confessed to having been the civil administrator of the Kaunas voivodeship. To save his life, he told everything that he knew about the rebel organisation. He also indicated the conspiratorial flat used by Kalinowski or his secretary and the organisations dispatcher Dalewski. Dalewski was arrested in the flat of Władysław Syro-komla's widow Paulina Kondratowicz on Skapo street, with the help of an agent provocateur. He was interrogated by the Special Interrogation Commission for Political Cases headed by the colonel of the Preobrazhensk elite troops P. Shelgunov. Despite a long interrogation, Dalewski did not betray a single name, and did not confess to have belonged to the uprising's leadership. On December 21, the court martial commission at the Vilnius Ordinance House announced the sentence - execution by shooting. On December 24, Muravyov confirmed the sentence. For unknown reasons execution was not performed immediately. Dalewski was executed on 30 December 1863 in Lukiškių Square. [From the publication p. 206-207]