Galimos jungties darytis

• LKI: knygos tekstas

LTŠia studija toliau tęsiama autoriaus darbų dinaminės prigimties aspektinių jungčių tema serija. Anksčiau buvo aptarti jungčių tapti ir virsti semantinės specifikacijos, jų galimų turėti aspektinių verčių klausimai, taip pat aptarti šių jungčių semantinės / aspektinės designacijos zonų persiklojimo ir diferenciacijos klausimai (Mikulskas 2018), nustatytos jungties virsti kilmės konstrukcijos (Mikulskas 2019). Šiame darbe sprendžiami sudėtingi dar vienos šio tipo jungties – darytis / pasidaryti – genezės klausimai. Pirmuose keturiuose skyriuose išsamiai aptarus jungties darytis / pasidaryti konstrukcijų kilmės bei raidos problematiką, penktajame ir tolimesniuose skyriuose pateikiamas su šių konstrukcijų kilme bei raida susijusių rezultatinės kulminatyvinės kauzacijos, jungties, egzistencinių ir perifrastinių (pasyvinių) konstrukcijų empirinis tyrimas, atliktas Jono Bretkūno Biblijos vertimo teikiamų duomenų pagrindu, relevantiškais aspektais pasitikrinant ir kituose to meto ar kiek vėlesniuose lietuvių kalbos senųjų raštų šaltiniuose. Šio tyrimo metu atidžiau pasižiūrėta į kalbamų konstrukcijų semantinę diferenciaciją, taikant konstrukcijų pavartojimo atvejų, jų tipų ir hapaksų (vienkartinio pavartojimo tipų) skaičiavimo metodą mėgintas nustatyti kiekvienos iš jų produktyvumas, kiek apie tai leidžia spręsti ribota tirtos medžiagos imtis. Konstrukcijų produktyvumo tyrimui taikomas kvantitatyvinis metodas trumpai aptariamas penktojo skyriaus pradžioje, jis remiasi Jóhannos Barðdal (2008) ir Peterio Petré (2012) darbais. Čia taip pat trumpai aptariamas naujas, ne filologinis, požiūris į ribotos imties rankraštinių šaltinių kalbos tyrimą, leidžiantis padidinti jų teikiamų duomenų reprezentatyvumą. [Iš Įvado]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Jungties konstrukcijos; Veiksmažodžiai; Kauzacijos konstrukcijos; Aspektinės jungtys; Copular construction; Verbs; Culminative causation; Aspectual copulas.

ENIn the study an attempt is made to establish source constructions for the copular construction (abbr. CC) with the verb darytis / pasidaryti ‘become’ (lit. ‘make oneself’). In contemporary Lithuanian, constructions with the copula darytis / pasidaryti hold a decent place among other constructions of this type with aspectual copulas, such as tapti ‘become’ and (pa)virsti ‘turn into’. But at the turn of the 17th century, the CC with darytis / pasidaryti was just making its first steps. The research is conducted on the basis of data provided mainly by Jonas Bretkūnas’ (Germ. Johannes Bretke) Bible translation (abbr. BB) (concretely by the eleven books of the Old Testament that can be found in the Database of Old Writings http://seniejirastai.lki.lt/db.php). In relevant aspects, some other written sources of that time, representing the Lithuania Minor (Eastern Prussia) and the Lithuania Major varieties of the Lithuanian language, were checked. There are grounds to suppose that the source constructions for the CC with darytis / pasidaryti (bearing the middle voice meaning) were so-called resultative constructions of culminative causation (abbr. RCCC) with the verb (pa)daryti ‘cause’ (lit. ‘make’). The general meaning of such constructions can be described as ‘someone causes (makes) somebody or something to change in such a way that she / he or it becomes someone else, something different or of different sort’. More generally, these constructions designate caused change events. The verb in such constructions marks causation in general and semantically it needs complementation. Complementatives – be they nominal or adjectival – can be analyzed syntactically as reduced propositional arguments of the verb: their function is to express the result of caused change (the undergoer of the change is the direct object referent).We are suggesting that the constructions under discussion, i. e. the CC with darytis / pasidaryti, are anticausative counterparts of the RCCC with (pa)daryti: the former were derived from the latter by means of the reflexive morpheme -si-. In the BB text only sporadic cases of such anticausative derivation are attested. While one may reasonably assign to such anticausative constructions a middle-voice interpretation, they can hardly be classified as fully fledged CC (of the aspectual type). In terms of meaning, the first attested anticausative constructions with darytis / pasidaryti have not advanced far beyond the properly reflexive stage (the subjects acts on itself to produce a change). The subject referents in such constructions were still agentive intentional individuals. Thus, the constructions could not yet designate situations where the undergoer of the change profiled was an inanimate entity. To become a copula in the full sense of the term, as in present-day Lithuanian, the verb darytis / pasidaryti had to lose, in the course of the following centuries, as it was used in anticausative constructions, its lexical meaning so as no longer to presuppose agentive intentional persons as its only possible subject referents. There is, though, a suspicion that some vestiges of the original meaning are present in the copula under discussion even now, which lends it a distinctive position among the other aspectual copulas.The exact time when the verb darytis / pasidaryti took a leap toward becoming a productive aspectual copula is difficult to pin down, as the Corpus of Old Lithuanian writings is still under construction, and the relevant data for computer-supported research is not available. Thus, one has to devise some indirect way to evaluate the productivity of the construction under discussion. It is a well-established fact that copular constructions, as they become entrenched in language usage, always coexist with existential constructions based on the same verbal lexeme also functioning as copula. It is therefore not surprising that existential constructions with verb darytis / pasidaryti are difficult to find in the BB translation but occur in abundance, for example, in the Corpus of Modern Lithuanian. Importantly, they are well attested in the 18th-century poem Metai (Seasons) by Kristijonas Donelaitis, the prominent poet of Lithuania Minor. It is not accidental that in the poem we also find a CC with pasidaryti, the subject referent of which is an inanimate entity. The fact that existential constructions partake in the formation of inclusive copular constructions with the same verb is not accidental, as an existential assertion is always part of any identity statement (Mikulskas 2017: 70–71; Mikulskas 2018: 7). The crucial point in the evolution of the copular constructions is the establishment of a so-called subject alternation between the copular and existential constructions based on the same verb lexeme. In elucidating the grammaticalization path of the copula darytis / pasidaryti this point is important in that, through the subject alternation, inanimate subject referents could be introduced into the copular construction under discussion. [...]. [From the publication]