Cilindrinės spynos Klaipėdos piliavietėje

LTPakabinamos spynos - viena iš archeologinių radinių grupių, nesulaukusių didesnio tyrėjų susidomėjimo. 2014 m. Klaipėdos pilies bastionų įtvirtinimų rytinės kurtinos archeologinių tyrimų metu buvo rastos 46 cilindrinės spynos ar jų dalys. Santykinai didelis šių radinių skaičius pastūmėjo detaliau pasidomėti cilindrinių spynų tyrimais, radavietėmis, tipologija, datavimu ir tyrėjų diskusijomis šių dirbinių tematika. Straipsnio tikslas - aptarti Klaipėdos pilies cilindrinių spynų radinius gamybiniu ir funkciniu aspektu, įtraukti juos į analogiškų radinių kontekstus Lietuvoje bei Europoje. [Iš straipsnio, p. 150]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Klaipėdos piliavietė; Cilindrinės spynos; Archeologiniai radiniai; Klaipeda castle site; Cylindrical locks; Archaeological finds.

ENThe aims of this study are to discuss padlock finds from Klaipėda castle through the perspectives of function and manufacture, as well as to incorporate them to wider contexts of analogous finds from Lithuania and Europe. It must be noted that there currently is only a single study which analyses locks in the Lithuanian archaeological literature. First finds of cylinder padlocks were discovered in Lithuania at the beginning of the 20th century during excavations of hillforts and, later, burial sites. Nowadays, a considerable number of cylinder finds are recovered during investigations of medieval towns. Thorough typology and dating of cylinder padlocks have been developed for finds from Novgorod (Russia). Unfortunately, no typologies exist for wider European contexts. Cylinder padlocks have been divided into two types according to their structure: those which are hung vertically and those which are hung horizontally. The latter locks are later in date. Padlocks are composed of two parts: shackle and body. Early vertically hung padlocks had a curved shackle, of which one terminal had a latch while at the other end was a plate with riveted and soldered barb-shaped retaining springs. Two cylinders of different sizes composed the body of a padlock: large cylinder contained the key retainer, while a smaller cylinder, situated on the side of the body, housed the leg of the shackle. Structure of a horizontally hung padlock was slightly different: cylindrical body had two pillars on its top which, together with the chamber of a key retainer, were shaped from a single sheet of metal. Shackle was pushed through a hole in the frontal pillar, while the pillar at the back housed the leg of shackle. The retaining springs closed automatically after placing the shackle inside the body, with springs going through holes in the plate.This opened the barbs and prevented the shackle from being retracted. Current archaeological data indicates that cylinder padlocks started being used in Lithuania during the 11th century. This was indicated by finds from a cremation burial no. 361 at Laiviai (Kretinga district) and burial no. 40 from Bandužiai (Klaipėda city). 9 out of 15 padlocks found in burial sites had a T-shaped keyhole on the side of padlock’s body. Based on typology advised by B. Kolchin, these are padlocks of Type A (I) which are dated to the period between the end of the 10th and the middle of the 13th century. Padlocks from burial sites are relatively small but exquisitely decorated. These are rare and exclusive artefacts which are usually only found in rich burials. Cylinder padlocks appear in Lithuanian hillforts and cultural layers of settlements and towns which are dated no earlier than the 13th century. Cylinder padlocks are considered to be an element ofWest European material culture which was predominant in the castle and town of Klaipėda during the medieval period. 46 padlocks from the castle site were selected for visual analysis. Only two finds were identified as vertically hung padlocks: a shackle and a locked padlock. These were found in the first horizon (dated to the end of the 13 th century) of the medieval town which was located near the castle. A very similar padlock was discovered in the hillfort of Bubiai (Šiauliai district). The remaining 44 finds are examples of padlocks which were hung horizontally. They were recovered from curtain walls of bastions which were constructed from cultural layers of the medieval town dated to the period between the end of the 13 th and 15 th centuries. [Extract, p. 163]