Patalpų šildymo būdai viduramžių Klaipėdoje

LTStudijos tikslas - išanalizuoti Klaipėdos piliavietės kasinėjimų metu surinktą ir iki XVI a. pradžios datuojamą archeologinę medžiagą bei atskleisti archeologiškai atsekamas pilies ir miesto patalpų šildymo formas viduramžiais. Siekiniui įgyvendinti tekste nagrinėjamos archeologinių tyrimų ataskaitose dokumentuotos uždaros struktūros (iš 1974-1975, 1998-1999, 2010, 2014, 2016 m.) ir sluoksniuose rasti kokliai empiriškai peržiūrėti Mažosios Lietuvos istorijos fonduose (MLIM) bei paraleliai vykusių 2014,2016 m. piliavietės archeologinių tyrinėjimų metu. Siekiant sistemingai sujungti archeologinę medžiagą į visumą, tyrimo objektą nuspręsta papildyti šalutine medžiaga - lauko ugniavietemis, kurios tekste palyginamos su vidaus židinių struktūromis. Dėl neretai sudėtingo Klaipėdos viduramžių artefaktų datavimo, neapsieita be analogų iš Lietuvos ir kitų Europos miestų, kurių paralelės yra neatsiejamo bendrakultūrinio reiškinio liudininkės. Studijoje analizuojama medžiaga ir mokslinis požiūris į ją jokiu būdu nėra baigtinis, atvirkščiai - veikiau pirminis, siekiantis sujungti esamą medžiagą į vientisą junginį, kurį ateityje būtina detalizuoti, identifikuoti neatpažintus objektus ir išplėsti jų naudosenos kultūrinį kontekstą. [Iš straipsnio, p. 62-63]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Klaipėda; Patalpų šildymo būdai; Klaipėdos piliavietės archeologiniai kasinėjimai; Klaipeda; Methods of space heating; Archaeological excavations of Klaipeda castle site.

ENThis article presents archaeological data related to medieval heating devices through a discussion of evidence gathered from Klaipėda castle site during excavations carried out between 1968 and up to this day. The data was analysed in groups which allowed to determine main differences between artefacts, as well as to signify their meaning in everyday life and to discern a connection with the common European experience. After an in situ analysis of archaeological finds a number of different heating system types were distinguished to have been used in Klaipėda during the period between the 13th and 16th centuries. A considerable number of significant finds were gathered during archaeological excavations in 2016 during which medieval dwelling houses were found and investigated. Two fireplaces lined with stone were identified in one of the buildings (dated between the 13th and the second half of the 14th century). The fact that they were hardly discernable from outside firepits suggest that the heating practices used at the time was commonplace and primitive. A different building, on the other hand, revealed possible evidence of a stove constructed from clay. The building was dated between the 14th and the second half of the 15th centuries and contained finds as such charcoal and rubble ofburnt clay. However, no other types of building material were found. Another dwelling house (dated to the period between the 15th and the second half of the 16th centuries) revealed finds such as scattered brick flooring, which archaeologists interpreted as possibly associated with stove remains. Unfortunately, more accurate identification was not possible due to a lack of data. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that existing finds could be seen as evidence of a masonry fireplace.Another such masonry fireplace was unearthed in a house that stood in the town up until the 16th century. The latter find is illustrative of a heating system (also used for cooking food) that was prevailing across Europe before the introduction of tiled stoves. Unfortunately, no archaeological evidence pertaining to everyday life in the castle of Klaipėda during the second half of the 13th century has been found. The earliest recovered evidence for sources of heating was a masonry heat storage hypocaust (known in German as Warmlufheizung, implying heating through the means of hot air) which was dated to the last quarter of the 14th century. It was found inside the castle, to the east from Great Gunpowder Tower. Unfortunately, a more specific type of the furnace could not be identified as this would require a separate comparative study of analogous heating systems (wherein furnaces are heated with hot air). Heat storage hypocausts appeared in Europe during the 12th century and were designed to heat monumental buildings (including castles). A separate room was required for installation of this type of furnace. Furthermore, construction process was complex, while heating the furnace required a significant amount of fuel. On the castle site of Klaipėda, a stove with three arches and a stone overlay was discovered underneath layers of a rampart (built during the 16th century). It is known that multifunctional open fireplaces were also used in the castle as one example of this type of fireplace was found in the kitchen area (dated to the 16th century). The fact that this room was a kitchen is testified by finds such as animal bones, as well as remains of dishware and fireplace tools. Similar artefacts were also found in layers of ramparts.Even though tiled stoves were already in use across Europe, no in situ find spots of them were discovered either inside the castle or in town dwellings. Thus, process of development and use of tiled stoves in Klaipėda can only be studied through analysis of stove tile fragments. These were mostly recovered from ramparts of the castle. Morphological analysis of the earliest recovered deep vessel tiles from Klaipėda suggest that they date to either the middle or the second half of the 14th century. This fact implies that latter stove tile finds cannot be related to the establishment of the castle by the Teutonic Order in the year 1252. One find of a relatively well preserved deep vessel tile revealed that first tiled stoves had thick walls, which meant it took longer for the stove to heat up. Small number of stove tile finds indicate that stoves of this type were not extensively used yet. In Klaipėda, home heating became more efficient during the second half of the 15th century with an introductionof shallow vessel tiles. Tiles of this type were two times shorter than deep vessel tiles, had a wider opening and as such resembled the shape of a bowl. As a result, it took less time for the radiating heat to warm up rooms. During the second half of the 15th century some of the shallow vessel tiles started being made with a profiled rim. This was a short-lived design though and disappeared at the beginning of the 16th century. During the Late Middle Ages, an inward sloping rim and a horizontally cut slope became prominent design features. These forms were maintained throughout the Early Modern period. Another innovation in tiled stove development was the introduction of matrices for making composite tiles. As a consequence, physical dimensions and overall appearance of stoves changed as well. [Extract, p. 85-86]