Užsienio teismų sprendimų pripažinimas ir leidimas vykdyti Lietuvos Respublikoje
- Kirkutis, Mykolas
- Tamošiūnienė, Egidija
- Višinskis, Vigintas
LTMonografijoje apžvelgiama istorinė užsienio teismų sprendimų pripažinimo ir leidimo vykdyti raida, šios tarptautinės privatinės teisės sistemos užuomazgos ir pagrindinės idėjos. Užsienio teismų sprendimų pripažinimo ir vykdymo problemos iš esmės siejamos su naujausiais laikais ir valstybės suvereniteto sampratos atsiradimu, kai buvo pripažinta, kad teismo sprendimams nėra būdingas ekstrateritorialumas, t. y. jo sukeliamas teisinis poveikis kitose valstybėse. Tačiau valstybių tarptautiniai santykiai lėmė poreikį „atverti duris“ kitų valstybių teismų sprendimams ir pripažinti jų teisinį poveikį. Tai lėmė pagarbos ir abipusiškumo doktrinų užsienio valstybių teismų sprendimams susiformavimą, kurios vėliau tapo tarptautinio ir vidaus teisinio reguliavimo šioje srityje pagrindu. Monografijoje analizuojami užsienio teismų sprendimų pripažinimo ir vykdymo klausimai civilinėse bylose trijose teisės sistemose: Lietuvos Respublikos teisėje, Europos Sąjungos teisėje ir tarptautinėje teisėje. Taip pateikiama sisteminė šios temos analizė skirtingose teisės sistemose. Taip pat monografijoje nagrinėjama ir Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo praktika taikant Konvencijos nuostatas užsienio teismų sprendimų pripažinimo ir leidimo vykdyti procese. Nors Konvencija nenustato konkrečių reikalavimų šioje srityje, praktikoje neretai kyla problemų dėl teisės į teisingą teismą, teisės į privatų gyvenimą ir nuosavybės teisės apsaugos užsienio teismų sprendimų pripažinimo ir leidimo vykdyti procese. [Iš Pratarmės]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Tarptautinė teisė; ES teisė; Užsienio teismų sprendimai; Civilinė teisė; International law; EU law; Foreign judgements; Civil law.
ENThis book focuses on recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Republic of Lithuania in civil and commercial cases. Though this subject is particularly complex and involves international law, the European Union law and national regulation, it has not attracted a lot of attention in Lithuania yet. Therefore, the goal of this book is to introduce to the system of the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and analyse the relevant national and international case law in this field. This book consists of these parts: i) introduction to the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, ii) general rules of the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Republic of Lithuania, iii) basis for non-recognition of foreign judgments in the Republic of Lithuania, iv) enforcement of foreign judgments in the Republic of Lithuania, v) case law of the European Court of Human Rights (thereinafter “ECHR”) related to the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, vi) recognition and enforcement of judgments under the European Union law, vii) recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments pursuant to the international treaties. The first part discusses the roots and development of private international law and recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. It analyses when the need for the common rules on recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments arose and the principles o f comity and reciprocity which are the major principles in this area even today. However, there are no common international legal mechanisms to deal with recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. The authors also analyse the recent development of law in this area. In 2019 the Convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in civil or commercial matters and UNCITRAL Model Law on Recognition and Enforcement of Insolvency-Related Judgments with Guide to Enactment were adopted.These documents reflect the contemporaneous approach to recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and the grounds for non-recognition. The second part analyses the legal regulation and procedure of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Republic of Lithuanian. These questions are regulated in the Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Lithuania (thereinafter “CCP”) and the special law. Also, the national law establishes some exceptions when the recognition of foreign judgments is not required. The procedure of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments is a judicial procedure and the Court of Appeal of Lithuania has the exclusive jurisdiction to deal with these questions. Nevertheless, the court has limited powers when deciding these questions since it has no power to analyse the application of law and facts of the judgment and exercises only limited revision (revision au fond). The procedure of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments is different from ordinary judicial proceedings and often involve only one party which seeks recognition and enforcement of foreign judgment. Nevertheless, there are number of procedural issues which are important, such as the requirements for the request of recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment. The third part focuses on the basis of non-recognition of foreign judgments which are established in Article 810 of the CCP. This article establishes the exhaustive list of the grounds when a judgment cannot be recognized in the Republic of Lithuania. The study reveals that these grounds are common and widely accepted among other states. The relevant case law of the application of these grounds is analyzed. Often the interested persons in the case argue that recognition and enforcement of the judgments would violate the public policy of the Republic of Lithuania. However, courts interpret the public policy exception strictly.The fourth part analyzes the actual enforcement of foreign judgments in the Republic of Lithuania. The courts do not participate in the enforcement procedure and the actual enforcement is carried out by bailiffs. Nevertheless, there are disputes in the court regarding procedural aspects of the actual enforcement procedure. The fifth part deals with the case law of the ECHR related to the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. The case law of the ECHR is particularly relevant since various rights established under the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (thereinafter “Convention”) are applicable to the process of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Member States. The study of the case law reveals that in such cases the procedure of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments shall be compatible with Articles 6 and 8 of the Convention and Article 1 of the Protocol 1 of the Convention. In general, the ECHR has established that the procedure of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments shall be prompt, accessible to any interested person, protect the interests of private (family) life and property when the foreign judgment concerns these rights. The sixth part analyzes recognition and enforcement of judgments under the European Union law. The recognition and enforcement of judgments in cross-border civil and commercial cases are regulated by various regulations. The authors present the development of the European Union law in this area and discuss the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The main principles in this area are the principles of mutual recognition and free movement of judgments which are particularly important to the proper function of the internal market of the European Union and judicial co-operation. However, each regulation establishes different recognition and enforcement mechanisms. [From the publication]
