Sąmonė klasikinėje Indijos filosofijoje

LTMonografija skirta amžinai ir vienai komplikuočiausių filosofijos temų - sąmonės prigimties problematikai Indijos intelektinėje tradicijoje, kurių autorius nagrinėja kultūrologinės Rytų ir Vakarų sąveikos fone, remdamasis pirminiais sanskrito šaltinins bei šiuolaikine lyginamąja metodologija. Apžvelgiama Indijos kultūros recepcijos Vakaruose istorija ir analizuojamos dviejų įtakingiausių klasikinės indų filosofijos mokyklų, budistinės jogačaros ir brahmaniškos advaita vedantos, sąmonės sampratos šių mokyklų lyderių Vasubandhaus ir Sankaros tekstuose. Jos lyginamos su sąmonės tyrimais B. Husserlio fenomenologijoje, analitinėje C. G. Jungo psichologijoje, drauge atskleidžiant sąsajas su transformatyvios filosofijos ir transpersonalios psichologijos tematika šiuolaikinėje Vakarų kultūroje. Studija skirta visiems, kuriuos domina filosofiniai, religiniai ir psichologiniai sąmonės tyrinėjimų aspektai bei šiuolaikinės lyginamosios Indijos ir Vakarų kultūrų studijos. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Budizmas; Indija; Indų filosofija; Klasikinė filosofija; Komparatyvizmas; Sąmonė; Vasubandhus; Vedanta; Vedantos filosofija; Šankara; Buddhism; Budhism; Classical philosophy; Comparativism; Consciousness; India; Indian philosophy; Sankara; Shankara; Vasubandhu; Vedanta; Vedanta philosophy.

ENThe attention is drawn to the fact that the Western studies of the problem of consciousness usually ignore very rich investigations on the subject done by the representatives of Eastern traditions and especially by Indians. That is why this study concerns a whole range of phenomenological and epistemological aspects of consciousness: selfreflection, problems of hierarchic structure of consciousness, the subject of knowledge in classical Indian philosophy and, finaly, the transformation of consciousness or restitution of its pure nature. In order to understand the treatment of pure consciousness in Indian philosophy the aim of this study is to investigate the Indian monistic philosophy analysing the phenomenology of consciousness in two most influential Indian philosophical schools: the Hcterodoxical (nastika) Vijnanavada (or Yogäcära) of early Mahäyäna Buddhism and based on Vedic revelation the Ortodoxical (astika) Advaita Vedanta. Tvo personalities arc chosen for this - Vasubandhu (3 c.) and Śańkara (8 c.)- In their works these two intclcctual traditions reaches the climax and takes the perfect conceptual shape. Taking into consideration the significance of the problem an attempt is made to analyse in a systematic way the following issues connected with different understandings of the nature of pure consciuosncss: To reveal the conceptions of structure of consciousness, its various modification, phenomenology and hierarchic levels in the above mentioned schools. To compare ontology and cpiscmology of absoliut consciousness. To analyse psychological and functional mechanisms of mind and pcrccpcion. To investigate the intclcctual polemics and possible exchanges of the ideas that took place between those two schools. To reconstruct the process of the restitution of pure consciousness and to point out the role of strategies of emancipation or soteriological methodology.To reveal the most fruitful cotributions of Śańkara and Vasubandhu to the philosophical traditions of Yogäcära Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta. Tb evaluate different methodological approaches used by them, to show similarities and differences among them and criticaly estimate the main stereotipical ways of regarding these two schools in the West and India. Finally, to compare them with the main contemporary philosophical (E. Husserl) and psychological (C. G. Jung) conceptions of the consciousness in the West, especially keeping in the mind the context and the methodology of the transformation of consciousness. For that reason this study is based on the first Sanskrit sources by Vasubandhu and Śańkara as well as the other texts by represantatives of early Yogäcära and Advaita Vedanta. The present research starts with brief survey of development of the comparative studies in the context of Indology and with the analysis of the main models of West and Indian philosophical epistems. The conclusion is drawn that India almost always served as an screan for the projection of the predominant conceptual attitudes of the West and as an area of its ideological manipuliation. Allegedly neutral, purely teoretical and objective approach is itself the result of peculiar historical and cultural development. And this explains why India and the West stiU can no meet one another as equal partners. Western studies of the traditional Indian culture usually makes sharp distinction between religion and philosophy as it is evident in the Western World. The main problem of such separation lies in the definition of the term “religion” itself, which was shaped according to the models of the great monotheistic religions - Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The source of second problem is the Western conception of the true, purely theoretical Philosophy, which has been influenced by naturalistic and rational way of thinking of ancient Greek.Later on, Cartesianism led to the modern demarcations against Oriental thought in the West. As a result of this orientation, every type of traditionalism came to be viewed as philosophical or even anti-philosophical. Taking into account the archicvmcnt of the contemporary comparative methodology, the necessity is raised in the article to employ in the studies of traditional culture of India the multidisciplinary and integral approach. The principal methodological approach of author is grounded on conviction that instead of interpreting the ways of thinking of the other civilisations by converting them to the particular mode of Western philosophical discource and by using the net of its philosophical concepts, is more sensible for such hermeneutic point of understanding to look at whole framework of those systems and to utilise actively the material of self-interpretation and self-description used in those systems. [Extract, p. 516-518]

• Filosofija / Philosophy
• Teologija / Theology

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