Europos Sąjungos pagrindinių teisių chartijos, kaip individualių teisių gynybos standarto, taikymas supra- ir nacionaliniu lygmenimis

• Žalimienė, Skirgailė
• Mulevičienė, Salvija
• Davulis, Tomas
• Danėlienė, Ingrida
• Jarašiūnas, Egidijus
• Milašiūtė, Vygantė
• Saudargaitė, Ieva
• Leonaitė, Erika
• Jablonskaitė, Inga
• Aleksejev, Miroslav

LTMonografijoje apibendrinami ir analizuojami svarbiausi procesai pagrindinių teisių srityje, atkreipiant dėmesį tiek į padarytą pažangą, tiek į išliekančias kliūtis. Monografija parengta apibendrinus tyrime „ES chartijos, kaip individualių teisių gynybos standarto, taikymas supra- ir nacionaliniu lygmenimis“, kurį finansavo Lietuvos mokslo taryba (sutarties Nr. MIP-088/2014; projekto vadovė - šios pratarmės autorė), padarytas išvadas. Šiame tyrime kompleksiškai buvo tiriamas Chartijos, kaip pagrindinių teisių veiksmingos gynybos standarto, taikymas supra- ir nacionaliniu (ypač Lietuvos) lygmenimis ir šiuo kontekstu: EŽTK, ES teisės bendrųjų principų, pagrindinių teisių, kurias užtikrina Chartija, ir pagrindinių teisių, kurios kyla iš valstybėms narėms bendrų konstitucinių tradicijų. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad nacionaliniu lygmeniu Chartija dar nėra tapusi įprastu asmenų pagrindinių teisių gynimo instrumentu. Monografija siekiama, kad ES pagrindinių teisių chartija būtų plačiau ir vienodžiau taikoma Lietuvos teismuose ir kitose institucijose, užtikrinančiose ar prižiūrinčiose individualių teisių apsaugą. [Iš Pratarmės]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Chartija; EŽTT; Individualių teisių gynimo standartas; Charter; ECHR; Standard of protection of individual rights.

ENThe Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Charter) represents a substantial stage of the codification of fundamental rights in the European Union (EU). The Charter is based on the common constitutional traditions of the EU Member States as well as on the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), the European Social Charter and other human rights treaties. The value of the Charter for the development of human rights is beyond any question. The Charter seems to bring new challenges both to the EU and to the Member States. The latter ones bear the main responsibility for the implementation and application of the EU law. The role of national courts in this field certainly is of utmost importance. In cooperation with the CJEU, national courts carry out a common task to ensure that, when applying and interpreting Treaties, the EU law is observed (see the Opinion of the Court 1/09 of 8 March 2011). On 27 February 2018 the CJEU Grand Chamber passed the decision that each EU Member State has to ensure that their courts meet the requirements of effective judicial defence within the meaning of Article 47 of the Charter. The principle of effective judicial remedy, to which reference is made in Article 19 of the EU Treaty, is the EU general principle that follows from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States as well as from Articles 6 and 13 of the ECHR and Article 47 of the Charter. The most important issues of the development of fundamental rights in the EU, including the progress achieved and the remaining obstacles, are the subject of the analysis presented in this Monograph. The Monograph has been prepared on the basis of the study “Application of the EU Charter as a Standard of Individual Rights Defence on the Supranational and National Level”, which was funded by the Research Council of Lithuania (Contract No. MIP-088/2014).This study consists of a complex research on the application of the Charter as the standard for the effective protection of fundamental rights on the supranational and national level (in particular that of Lithuania) in the following context: the ECHR, the general principles of the EU law, the fundamental rights guaranteed by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, the constitutional traditions common to the Member States. The study demonstrates that, at the national level, the Charter has not yet become a widely applied instrument for the protection of fundamental rights of individuals. The aim of this Monograph is to facilitate the proper application of the Charter in a more uniform manner in national courts and other state institutions of Lithuania, which have to ensure and supervise the protection of human rights. The Monograph provides the analysis of the complex problematic aspects that are of great practical significance for the application of the Charter. One of them is the determination of the scope of the application of the Charter and the references to the Charter in cases when this is not required by the EU law. The case law shows a tendency that courts often rely on the Charter in cases that do not fall under the scope of the EU law, and very rarely in a particular case they refer to the basis on which the Charter is applied or the reference to the Charter is made. Another important issue lies in the ratio of the constitutional provisions of the EU Member States and the provisions of the Charter. As regards the legal content of the Charter, it should be noted that the Charter does not provide for the entirely new rights.As noted, the content and the scope of the fundamental rights established by the Charter stems out of the constitutional traditions and international commitments common to all Member States, including the obligations under the ECHR, the case law of the CJEU and the European Court of Human Rights (the ECtHR). The Monograph also deals with the obstacles often faced by national courts in carrying out their duty to apply and to ensure the fundamental rights of a different level, i.e., the ones that are provided by the Charter and the ECHR, and by national constitutions, as well as the fundamental rights that are regarded to be the general principles of the EU law. In such a problematic situation the natural question arises as to whether the court should or could rest upon the system of the fundamental rights, which ensures the higher protection of fundamental rights in Europe. As it follows from the Melloni ruling, a court has no right to choose the system of the protection of fundamental rights in favour to the individual concerned. Rather national courts should seek a balance between the principles of law, which are common to the European legal tradition. However, this is not so easy to achieve. Therefore, this Monograph could be helpful for the practitioners in defending the fundamental rights, and in settling a specific case by finding the right balance between the European legal values. The Monograph provides the analysis of the problematic aspects related to the application of the Charter in the following areas: the right to effective judicial defence, human dignity and equality, the right to protection of personal data, the right to good administration, the right to private and family life, as well as the status of the Charter in the employment relations and other areas. The Monograph also contains the results of a quantitative research as well as the perspective assessment of the application of the Charter. [From the publication]