Nietzsche ir Derrida apie dovanojimą

LTFriedricho Nietzsche‘s kūrinyje „Štai taip Zaratustra kalbėjo“ dovanojimo sąvoka vaidina ypatingą vaidmenį, kadangi ji glaudžiai susijusi su galios valios sąvoka. Skyriuje „Apie dovanojančią dorybę“ Zaratustra paskelbia dovanojimą didžiausia dorybe. Jacques‘o Derrida tekstuose tiesiogiai ar netiesiogiai susiduriame su dovanos ir dovanojimo aporija, ši tema yra pagrindinė knygoje „Duoti laiką“ (Donner le temps). Šiame straipsnyje bus siekiama išryškinti Derrida dovanojimo sampratos ypatybes bei ieškoma sąlyčio taškų tarp Nietzsche‘s ir Derrida požiūrių į dovanojimą kaip ištrūkimą iš ekonominio mainų rato. [Iš Įvado]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Derrida; Aporija; Dovana; Mainai; Įvykis; Derrida; Aporia; Gift; Exchange; Event.

ENPaper analyses two approaches of giving in Derrida's book "Given Time": one of them is logical, semantic, the other ontological. To consider a question of the gift from a logical, semantic aspect is to encounter the aporia of the gift. In common language and logic a gift means that someone gives something to somebody else. Derrida‘s aporia of the gift is that the conditions of the possibility of the gift are the conditions of its impossibility. That is to say, once the gift is recognized as a gift, it is no longer a gift, it becomes an obligation that demands reciprocity. The ontological approach is that Derrida concludes that the structure of the gift, like the structure of Being and of time, is not a thing, it is nothing. It has the structure of an event, an event of forgetting. Derrida, as well as Nietzsche, seeks to depart from 'the metaphysics of the gift' that has treated the gift and the debt together, as a system. This metaphysics of the gift can be seen in the anthropological view of Marcel Mauss‘s works. Nietzsche‘s account of the gift-giving virtue closely resembles Derrida's transgressive interrupting of the economic logic of the gift. Nietzsche sees the gift as both valuable and dangerous, because the gift is a sign of power. Nietzsche describes gift-giving as a duty and a privilege of nobles, such a duty arises from the Will to Power. Nietzsche‘s Zarathustra interrupts the circle of economic exchange by treating the giving as prodigal expenditure like sunshine. [From the publication]