Nietzsche ir rytų mąstymo tradicijos: interpretacijų įvairovė

LTStraipsnyje aptariama įdomi komparatyvistinės filosofijos tema Friedricho Nietzschees ir Rytų tautų mąstymo tradicijų sąsajos. Pagrindinis dėmesys jame sutelkiamas ne į paties Nietzsche’ės tekstus, bet į kritinės literatūros analizę - skaitytojui siūloma susipažinti ne tik su tuo, kokius skirtumus ir panašumus su Rytų mąstymo tradicijomis autorė įžvelgia vokiečių filosofo veikaluose, kiek su tuo, ką šiais klausimais pasako šiuolaikiniai tyrinėtojai. Įvairūs komparatyvistiniai Nietzsche’ės ir Rytų mąstymo tradicijų tyrimai, kurie pristatomi, aptariami ir lyginami šiame straipsnyje preliminariai gali būti suskirstyti į tris grupes: 1. Pirmojoje analizuojama Rytų (dažniausiai - Indijos) mąstymo tradicijų įtaka Nietzschees kūrybai; 2. Antrojoje nagrinėjamas jo tekstų poveikis Tolimųjų Rytų (Japonijos, Kinijos) intelektualams; 3. Trečiojoje, gausiausioje interpretacijų dalyje, lyginamos konkrečios Nietzschees ir tam tikrų Rytų mąstytojų (ar filosofinių mokyklų) idėjos. [Iš straipsnio, p. 163]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Komparatyvistinė filosofija; Nietzsche; Rytų mąstymo tradicijos; Comparative philosophy; Nietzsche; Eastern philosophical tradition.

ENThe text presents different comparative works on Nietzsche and Asian Thought. The author shows that these works are focused on one of three distinct ways: 1. Nietzsche’s engagement with Indian thought and the influence Hindu and Buddhist ideas had on him; 2. The reception of Nietzsche’s thought in Japan and China; 3. Comparative analyses of particular ideas in Nietzsche's philosophy with ideas in Eastern, most often Daoist, philosophy. An analysis of Nietzsche's biography and his interactions with his friends and contemporaries shows that Nietzsche was quite familiar with some Indian ideas and may have been influenced by Indian philosophy. Nevertheless, recent interpreters of Nietzsche (M. Sprung, E. Scheiffele) are much more skeptical than his contemporaries and early commentators were in attributing significant direct East Asian influence on his thought. The author presents the research of David A. Kelly and Graham Parkes, which shows that Nietzsche’s writings have had a significant impact on the intellectual life of Japanese and Chinese culture and has elicited responses from important thinkers from these non-Western traditions. The inherent ambiguity of Nietzsche's ideas has ensured that there is an abundance of diverse interpretations concerning even the same philosophical concept. Contemporary commentators find the general Hindu negation of the physical world to be the single idea or theme most incompatible with Nietzsche's philosophical point of view. However, in Buddhists conceptions of Nirvana such commentators us F. Mistry and A. Bergson find similarities with Nietzsche's affirmation of life. The author discusses works focused on comparing particular ideas in Nietzsche's and Daoist writings.Some contemporary scholars (R. Ames) find correspondences between Nietzsche's "Will to Power" and Chinese "Virtuality" (De); others (N. Gier) see similarities between Nietzsches "superman" and Daoist sages or wanderers. Most interpreters focus their research on Nietzsche and Zhuangzi: both of them promote philosophies of individualism; suggesting that there are no limits to the elevation of human spirit; both are critical of the social institutions of their respective cultures; both Nietzsche and Zhuangzi are literary philosophers who make extensive and subtle use of metaphors, allegories etc., and both make prolific and distinctive use of humor. The author discusses other scholarship that explores additional resonances between Nietzsche and Asian philosophical schools. For example, some note that both Nietzsche and certain Asian thinkers criticize the dominance of rational thought, other scholars point out shared similarities in their interpretations of fate or between Nietzsche's notion of "eternal recurrence" and Buddhist and Daoist views about cyclical rebirth or return. The author points out that most commentators are careful to emphasize the different cultural and social backgrounds between Nietzsche and Eastern philosophers. [From the publication]