Skapiškio seniūnijos kryždirbystės paminklai

LTSkapiškio seniūnijos kapinių paminklai iki šiol nebuvo išsamiau aptarti, todėl šiame straipsnyje jie analizuojami pirmą kartą. Tyrimo tikslas - išanalizuoti Skapiškio seniūnijos kapinių XIX a. antrosios pusės-XXI a. pradžios kryždirbystės paminklų bruožus. Uždaviniai: aptarti antkapinius paminklus pagal medžiagos pobūdį, jų struktūrą bei dekoro elementus, apžvelgti paminklus tradicijos tęstinumo ir kūrybinių interpretacijų aspektais, įvertinti jų savitumą Aukštaitijos ir kitų Lietuvos regionų kontekste. Analizuojama 2012-2013 m. vykusių „Versmės" mokslinių ekspedicijų metu A. Jonušytės ir autorės surinkta vaizdinė medžiaga iš Skapiškio 12 seniūnijų kapinių, su kitų Lietuvos vietovių kapinių paminklais lyginami asmeninio archyvo ir muziejų fonduose saugomi duomenys, įvairiuose leidiniuose publikuoti pavyzdžiai. Tyrimo medžiagos pagrindą sudaro Skapiškio, Bajorų, Biliūnų, Kandrenų, Kandrėnėlių, Švedūkalnio, Mituvös, Vaduvų piliakalnio, Stukoniiį, Laičių, Miškonių ir Kepurių kapinių paminklai. Taikomi aprašomasis, analizės, tipologinis, ikonografinis, lyginamasis metodai. Lieti, kaltiniai kryžiai Lietuvoje tyrinėjami fragmentiškai, o akmeniniai ir vamzdiniai kryžiai analizuoti tik šių eilučių autorės kai kurių vietovių kapinių paminklams skirtose publikacijose, todėl Skapiškio seniūnijų kapinių paminklams skirtas straipsnis papildys menkai tyrinėtų antkapinių paminklų tematiką. [Iš straipsnio, p. 807-808]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Skapiškis; Kryžiai; Paminklai; Kryždirbiai; Kryždirbystė; Skapiškis; Crosses; Cross-making.

ENUp to now, there were only fragmentary investigations of cross-making monuments in Kupiškis district. In Soviet times, Juozas Petrulis and Zita Žemaitytė wrote about wooden cross makers. Later at the start of the 21st century, it was Aušra Jonušytė who wrote about some former old and newly re-erected and built wooden monuments in this district, and due to her endeavour the catalogue representing the wooden monuments of this area appeared. There is also few information about the cross-making blacksmiths who worked from end-19,h to the start of 20th centuries: Petras Buzas (1936-1916) is mentioned in reminiscences by Zita Žemaitytė and Aloyzas Buzas in 2004, Jonas Dagys (1855-1940) and Juozapas Tilindis (d. 1888) are briefly discussed by Juozas Petrulis, the data of which are repeated in the papers of Česlovas Kontrimas and Antanas Stravinskas. Publications about smithery present short biographies and sites of the monuments, but the creative activity of cross-makers is not discussed, and even specimens of their works are not given. Dealing with the monuments in the cemetery of Skapiškis in the present article it can be said that metal and stone crosses prevail, major part of which have been erected in the second half or the end of the 19lh century and the first half of the 20th century. The oldest cast crosses are found in the cemeteries of Kandrenėliai (1864) and Kepuriai (1868) villages. Other dated monuments belong to the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th centuries, and this coincides with the spread of such crosses in Lithuania. However the types of crosses common in Aukštaitija and other regions had not been popular here or had not remained; some of them are rare specimens or even unique (such as the 1887 cross in Švedukalnis cemetery), which had not been detected in other areas yet.According to the shape, modestly ornate one-piece band crosses prevail, while models of openwork decor are met in lower numbers and they are mainly of Neogothic style met in many Lithuanian cemeteries, but there are also some of rarer shapes. New casts are very rare, only several are arranged with the stone stelas. Forged crosses from the second half of the 19lh century to the first half of the 20th century are few; the oldest one dated at 1877 marks the burial in Švedukalnis cemetery; and there are two crosses forged by Petras Buzas in Kepuriai cemetery. According to cross structure two pole crosses typical of the Aukštaitija region prevail. According to their shape, there are both the typical crosses spread in all Lithuania and mostly those typical of Kupiškis and Rokiškis areas. A unique monument made by the masters in 1894 is the cross in Skapiškis cemetery, and a very rare one is a decorative undated one-pole monument in the Kepuriai cemetery. The tube-pole crosses spread in Lithuania during the Soviet period had not become popular in Skapiškis area; there are only several modest crosses of this type; one-pole Sun-shape forged monuments are also rare there. Stone crosses erected in the second half of the 19th c. and the first half of the 20th c. are rather numerous, and, as in other areas, two forms prevail: simple crosses on a higher or lower pedestal, and tree trunk with cut branches simulating version of Neo-Romanticism style. One can find in the cemeteries of Skapiškis area crosses, which are rarer in other areas of Lithuania but common in Kupiškis; they are rather massive crosses with three-leaf ends of the cross arms. According to the making technique, majority of them are made by local stonecutters, but some stone crosses are made by qualified masters. Old wooden monuments did not survive, and quite a few of new ones of such type are erected, as is typical of the majority cemeteries in Kupiškis region.Old wooden monuments did not survive, and quite a few of new ones of such type are erected, as is typical of the majority cemeteries in Kupiškis region. Nowadays no signs of old tradition in Skapiškis cemeteries are detected; small crosses of modest decor and monumental crosses prevail among the wooden monuments, and only several modern sculpture poles are erected. [From the publication]