Skapiškio kalvarijų Kryžiaus kelio apeigos ir muzika

LTKalvarijų Kryžiaus kelių pamaldumo praktika yra viena iš Katalikų Bažnyčios pridėtinių pamaldų formų. Katalikų liturgiją sudaro šventosios Mišios ir pridedamųjų pamaldų apeigos, arba liaudies pamaldumo praktikos, kurios viešai atliekamos ne per šv. Mišias vietos žmonių kalba. Pridedamųjų pamaldų, arba liaudies pamaldumo praktikų, apeigos yra susiformavusios Bažnyčios kalendorinių metų ciklo iškilmių, švenčių, minėjimų, šventų vietų lankymo pagrindu. Visos jos yra skirtos liaudžiai. Remiantis Lietuvos Katalikų Bažnyčios „Liturginiu maldynu", jas sudaro Švč. Mergelės Marijos valandos, Švč. Mergelės Marijos kalbamasis ir giedamasis bei Švč. Jėzaus vardo rožiniai, Graudūs verksmai, Gedulinės valandos (psalmės) bei šermenų giesmės. Prie jų priskiriamos gegužinės ir birželinės pamaldos bei namuose atliekamos įvairios pamaldumo praktikos, taip pat Užtarimo maldos ir giesmės. Čia minimi ir Žemaičių Kalvarijos Kalnai, ir Kryžiaus kelio pamaldumo praktikos. [Iš straipsnio, p. 762]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Skapiškis; Kryžiaus kelias; Kalvarijos; Religinės apeigos; Religinė muzika; Pamaldumas; Skapiškis; Way of Cross; Calvary.

ENThe devotional practice of the Calvaries, i.e. the Way of the Cross, is one of the added forms of worship in the Catholic Church. The Catholic liturgy consists of the Holy Mass and the additive rites of the worship, or folk devotional practice, performed separately than the Mass in the language of local people. The ceremonies of the additive worship or folk devotional practice had been formed on the basis of the calendar cycle festivals and feasts, as well as visiting the holy sites. One of such rites, the Way of the Cross in Lithuania is held in six sites: a small town of Žemaičių Kalvarija (Samogitian Calvary), as well as Vilnius, Beržoras, Tytuvėnai, Mosėdis and Vepriai Calvaries. There had been more of them but in historical course of time they had been closed. Surrounded by various secrets, the Way of Cross in Skapiškis Calvary is among them. The Way of the Cross in the Calvaries makes an object of studies by Catholic religion history, ethnology and ethnomusicology. In the summer of 2012 in Kupiškis, there was a complex ethnological expedition organised by the Versmė publishers in Kupiškis. The material was collected by the author of the present article within the context of Catholic ethnical culture, trying to find an answer to the question: which have been ceremonies and music practiced in the Way of the Cross in Skapiškis. A goal has been pursued to reveal the ceremonies and music of the Way of the Cross in Skapiškis Calvary. The following tasks have been raised: firstly, make brief introduction of the sources of devotion at this Calvary; secondly, to explore the set of rituals and music used when walking the Way of the Cross; and thirdly, to determine the origin of the rituals and the music. The methods of retrospection, analysis and synthesis have been applied in the investigation.To make most exhaustive introduction of the devotion rituals, prayers and songs, the books of prayers and hymnals for the Way of Cross in the Skapiškis Calvary, the archives in the Science Academy of Lithuania, St. Antony Religious Sciences Institute of the Faculty of Catholic Theology at the Vytautas Magnus University, as well as personal archive of the Ethnologic Expedition organised by Versmė in 2012 in Kupiškis district have been used. In total, 18 samples of song notes, 3 photocopies and 2 tables have been used in this work. The conclusions based on the results of the investigations can be made as follows. Firstly, the initiator of 14 stations of the Way of the Cross in Skapiškis Calvary was the prior of the Dominican monastery Rev. Laurynas Bortkevičius, who in 1810, supported by the local landowner Steponas Tyzenhauzas (Stefan Tyzenhauz), built the first wooden Stations of the Cross. In 1819, they were replaced by masonry stations, which had been used up to 1832, when the Tsar authorities closed the monastery. Secondly, Rev. Antanas Strazdas prepared and compiled the hymnal (major part of the songs are thought to have been created by him, A/N) for the Skapiškis Calvary to walk along the Way of the Cross with the songs. In 1819, the hymnal had been integrated into the prayer book prepared by Rev. Bortkevičius in Lithuanian and Polish also designated for walking the Stations of the Cross. Thirdly, investigation of the ordinary made for the 14 Stations of the Cross in Skapiškis Calvary showed that it consisted of 12 rituals, including 6 ones from the local Dominican Way of the Cross culture, and 6 ones from the church liturgy. This shows close relationship of the liturgy with Dominican devotion tradition of the Way of the Cross. Fourthly, the musical culture of the 14 Stations of the Cross in Skapiškis Calvary comprises chanting the songs with the accompanying by musical instruments.The repertoire of chanting on the way of the Cross consisted of 12 songs, which major part (9 songs) was from Vilnius (Verkiai), thus representing Polish culture of religious music. The conclusions made confirm the hypothesis raised before the start of the investigation that devotion rituals and music at the Way of Crosses in Skapiškis Calvary are a copy of those from earlier established Stations of the Cross in Lithuania. [From the publication]