Erelis lokio guolyje: lenkų bajorai Žemaitijoje XVI-XVIII a. Migracija, kalba, atmintis

LTKnygoje nagrinėjama atvykusių lenkų bajorų integracija į Žemaitijos bajoriją XVI-XVIII a. Šis reiškinys atskleidžiamas analizuojant atvykusio bajoro statusą Lietuvos teisėje, tiriant migracinius procesus (atvykimo priežastis, reemigraciją, migracinius mechanizmus), rekonstruojant tuometinę atvykusių bajorų kalbinę-komunikacinę erdvę, jų lietuvių kalbos įsisavinimo modelį, nagrinėjant asmenvardžių ypatumus bei šių giminių atmintyje prisimenamą lenkišką kilmę. Tad ši knyga - naujas žvilgsnis į Žemaitijos istoriją kitokiu kampu, galinčiu sudominti kiekvieną, besidomintį šio regiono istorija. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (LDK; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL); Žemaitija (Samogitia); Bajorai; Lenkai; Teisė; Kalba; Migracija; The Great Duchy of Lithuania; Samogitia; Noblemen; Polacks; Law; Language; Migration.

ENThe process of forming an alliance between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) and the Kingdom of Poland, which began from the end of the 14th century, reached its culmination during the Union of Lubin. An active and clearly orientated Polish nobility migration policy was clearly stated in one of the paragraphs of the union act text. It opened up a whole new demographic context - the pre-union migration of Polish nobles to the GDL. At the same time, in historiography the Union of Lublin is viewed as the starting point of a new epoch, from which the expansion of Polish culture and its reception in the GDL intensified. A certain contradiction is still felt regarding this issue in Lithuanian and Polish historiography: in Lithuanian historiography, Lithuanianisation is usually juxtaposed to Polonisation, while in Polish historiography, Polonisation is highlighted. Until now, the arrival of Polish nobles and their integration into society in the GDL has been the topic of numerous synopses and summaried research, however the Polish nobility as a separate research object has not received any special attention thus far. This situation has prompted looking at the intertwined phenomenon of Polonisation/Lithuanianisation and the alliance of the GDL and the Kingdom of Poland from a new perspective - through the integration of Polish nobles into the Lithuanian nobility. It should be noted that the aim has been to look at this topic in a broader sense, analysing the newly-arrived Polish nobles not just through the regular, narrow genealogical prism and the opportunities that offers, but by looking at the legal, demographic, socio-linguistic and memory dimenions. Research of separate cases was used to reveal these dimensions, which were dictated by the volume of sources available. A study such as this of the Polish nobles who settled in the GDL is both relevant and innovative in several regards.First, migration reveals the dynamism of the nobility, seeing it as a living, pulsating organism, while also raising the dimension of new demographic processes in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Second, an analysis of the lifestyle of the newly-established nobles, with attention focused on the cultural differences and similarities of the arrived and local nobles, allows us to better observe the cultural "exchange reactions" of these groups, i.e., the changes that took place in society. Third, this kind of study unavoidably opens up new segments in the history of the nobility in the GDL. The object of this research is the integration of Polish nobles in Samogitia in the i6th-i8th centuries. Samogitia (Žemaitija) was chosen for this research, as it is believed to be the most suitable region for this study. Even though Samogitia has its own unique history, which set it apart from the other regions in Lithuania, in terms of language, as a Lithuanian-speaking region Samogitia undoubtedly went into the composition of the so-called "Lithuania proper" (Lituania propria). Also, geographically, it is the most distant and socio-culturally distinct region from the Slavic language frontier (the lesser nobility dominated in Samogitia, there were numerous small towns, and the Samogitian dialects were widely used). Finally, working within such a compact territory, we can expect to get a more thorough grasp of the changes arising from various processes. A comprehensive statistical analysis of the Polish nobility’s migration was not an aim of this paper, registering every new arrival, rather, the focus was placed more on the phenomenon of migration itself, seeking to reveal and analyse how it functioned. The Polish nobles are analysed in this book - people of noble origins who arrived from the Kingdom of Poland, whose geographic origins were defined according to source data and/ or genealogical encyclopaedias.In a social respect, this group of nobles can be divided into two groups: those who joined the Samogitian ruling elite (e.g., the Chrząstowski, Grużewski, Umiastowski, Ważyński families and others) and those who did not (e.g., the Maszkowski, Kossakowski, Okurowski, Sławoczyński families). The chronological boundaries of this study are the 16th to the 18th centuries, however the chronology of different thematic cross-sections may vary. The legal situation of the newly-arrived Polish nobles is analysed from 1529, when legal norms were systematised in the First Statute of Lithuania, until 1588 when the Third Statute of Lithuania was passed and remained valid right up until 1840. The migration of Polish nobles meanwhile is analysed from the second half of the 16th century until the first half of the 17th century, when the most intensive demographic changes took place in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Though this does not mean that later this phenomenon ceased to exist. Ill addition, the study was limited exclusively to Polish nobles who arrived in this period in particular, so that their further integration into Samogitian society could be observed over several generations. Socio-linguistic changes are more noticeable in the analysis of later generations of these arrivals, in the period from the 17th to the 18th centuries, while sometimes a much broader chronological framework was necessary for these cultural processes and mental changes to reveal themselves - using historical data, from the 15th right up to the beginning of the 20th century. [...]. [Extract, p. 239-241]