Bajoras Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės žemės teisme (1566-1600)

LT[...] Šį darbą sudaro dvi dalys. Pirmoje formuluojama tyrimo problemos tema ir tikslai, nusakoma tyrimo schema, apžvelgiamos pavietų žemės teismų knygų rūšys ir jų skaičius, aprašomos jose įrašytų dokumentų rūšys, apibūdinami vazniai. Antroje bandoma pažvelgti į žemės teismo juridinės kultūros raišką, jo kasdienybę, peržvelgta erdvės ir laiko perspektyva, kaip ją suvokė ten veikę asmenys, rekonstruojama teismų darbo kasdienybė, jų įrašų perteikiama psichologinė atmosfera. Prieduose pateikiamas išlikusių pavietų žemės teismo knygų (iki 1600 m.) sąrašas ir tos epochos teismo knygų laiko juosta. Asmenų vardai, tėvavardžiai ir pavardės tekste lietuvinami atsižvelgiant į tai, apie kokio valstybės regiono (etninė lietuvių gyvenama teritorija tuo metu buvo platesnė nei šiandien) gyventoją kalbama, tačiau kai iš konteksto galima numanyti, kad tas asmuo tikrai yra lenkų ar rusenu kilmės, jo vardo nelietuviname 5. [...]. [Iš Įvado]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (LDK; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL); Bajorai; Pavietai; Teismai; Žemės teismai; Teisinė kultūra; Žemės teismų knygos; Vazniai; Lithuania; Nobles; Districts; Courts; Land courts; Legal culture; Land court books; Court summons clerk.

ENWhat position did the land court of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL), as an autonomous institution of the nobles estate, hold in the life of the nobility? The First Statute of Lithuania (1529) determined the direction legislation had to take, and the level of power relations between the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the time and its superiors. Having already existed in a dynastic union with Poland for over 150 years, the adoption of certain state organistions and elements of legal culture from its union partner was unavoidable. By the middle of the 16th century, it was already clear that the First Statute of Lithuania did not satisfy the nobility's needs and a reform was necessary. The administrative, military and court reforms implemented in 1564-1566 in the GDL were of utmost importance. The court reform established a trinary land-castle-chamberlain court system and the formal equality of the whole ruling estate - the nobility - was declared. The Second Statute of Lithuania (1566) entrenched a new regional court structure that existed for two centuries. The courts came a little closer to every, even a lesser, noble - he knew that he could even take a magnate to stand before the court. Each legal action by a noble or financial operation could be relatively quickly recorded in the castle or land court. As the elected land court was more prestigious than the castle court, where officials were appointed, very often various notarial entries or statements by the court summons clerk (bedel, Lith. vaznys, Pol. woźny) would be rewritten from the castle court books into the land court books, as the land court was only in session three times a year. In all the courts, the court books would be kept in the court officials' chest.Documents could be entered into these books without any fear that the original of any judicial act could be lost in fire - extracts from the court books carried the same legal validity as their originals. Thus, the court reform and the distictions between the competencies of each court - the land court handled civil law cases, the castle court handled criminal law, while the chamberlain's court handled arguments over domain boundaries - introduced a great deal of order into legal matters. The noble could expect the more rapid execution of justice and the safer rewriting of copies of acts he considered important. The way of thinking among nobles also changed gradually - besides the lesser diets (sejmiks) in the districts (powiat), the land court became the main space where arguments between nobles could be deliberated publicly, their financial operations could be certified, and other important matters were dealt with. The nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania saw the realisation of an old dream of theirs in the land court - the principle of the automony of the court institution from the grand duke and regent magnates. At the same time, the establishment of these courts and their work was a valuable platform for developing legal culture. Legal culture is one of the broadest concepts in legal sociology, as it encompasses everything that naturally unfoled in history or which was created in the field of law in a given society. It covers all the forms and phenomena of legal reality. According to its historical treatment, it reflects the unity of society's legal values and codes and of collective consciousness. A society's legal culture can be described separately by analysing its constituent elements and autonomous forms of "living law" - public, judicial and state law. The judicial aspect of legal culture being analysed here is revealed in legal practice and has been recorded in district court books.Thus, this study looks at how the nobles of the GDL understood the district land court and their relationship with that institution. An important aspect of formal judicial culture would also be the question that in one way or another led to the judicial argument. In the search for expressions of legal culture in land court books, the legitimacy of judicial actions (the start of a case, the legitimacy of court summons, the forgery of entries, etc.) and the subsequent collisions are highlighted. There is a great deal of information of this kind in district land court books allowing us to evaluate the level of judicial culture among the nobility. In science, the concept of daily life, or routine, is used in various contexts and often has its already well-established meanings, where the family, work, what one does for a living or their lifestyle are the most important factors to consider. The history of daily life, which covers a multi-faceted analysis of the material and social forms of a person's everyday life, his human microworld, and stereotypical ways of thinking and behaving, aims to reveal the past through its subject - a person, group of people, or society in general. In order to feel the life-beat of a society from a specific period in history, or to understand the motives behind a specific historical figure's activities and choices, it is critical to take an in-depth look at their surrounds where the reasons for certain behaviours, decisions, reactions and attitudes that are often atypical by today's standards lie. Daily life is a field in which people experience direct influence in their daily activities. You could say that the daily world is determined by others. A daily activity takes place in line with certain general circumstances that do not depend on a separate individual. [...]. [From the publication]

• Teisė / Law
• Istorija / History