Kolūkmetis okupuotos Lietuvos kaime

LTMonografija skiriama vienai skaudžiausiųjų XX amžiaus okupuotos Lietuvos problemų - kolūkmečiui. Dėmesio centre - iššūkiai, padarę didžiausią įtaką okupuoto Lietuvos kaimo vystymuisi: pirmoji sovietinė Lietuvos okupacija, antroji sovietinė okupacija - karas prieš kaimą, masiniai kaimo žmonių trėmimai, prievartinė kolektyvizacija, kolūkinis sunkmetis, moralinės ir ūkinės kaimo deformacijos. Analizuojami kolūkmečio politiniai, teisiniai, ekonominiai, socialiniai ir vadybiniai aspektai. Aptariamas problemų ratas nuo kolūkio iki sovietinės respublikos ir Sovietų Sąjungos lygmens. Monografija skiriama mokslo darbuotojams, doktorantams, studentams bei visiems, besidomintiems kolūkių problemomis okupuotos Lietuvos kaime. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Žemės ūkis; Kolektyvizacija; Kolūkiai; Sovietizacija; Farming; Collectivization; Collective farms; Sovietization.

ENThe analysis of political, legal, economic, social, and managerial aspects of the soviet party resolutions, legal acts, research findings and numerous media materials of the kolkhoz times was carried out to verify the main methodological approach of the monography: "the authorities of the Soviet Union created institutions that were subordinated and controlled by them and were supposed to depict their representative nature <...>in fact ruled the occupied territory o f Lithuania through them under repressive structures" (please refer to the chapter Methodological approach). The research in soviet times was difficult due to the soviet reality: one was thought (ideas of the party dictatorship), the second was declared (legal acts, censored press or radio) and the third was implemented (actual handling of the lives of village people). This apocalyptic triad strongly oppressed the villages of occupied Lithuania. In Russia, kolkhozes were established under different circumstances. It was mainly determined by the community tradition obshchina that was characteristic to Russia of the second half of the 20th century. The reform of P. Stolypin which was intended to create European style farms ruled by land owners and not by communities collapsed. After 1917 October revolution Lenin signed a decree that land belongs to the ones who work it which had provoked the civil war and destroyed farming. Nationalization of the land and compulsory expropriation of food had led to unprecedented famine in Russia. The destruction of land ownership in Russia led to forced collectivization by Stalin which ended in 1937 resulting in assignment of 93 percent of villagers and 99 percent of all cultivated land to kolkhozes. The peasants and rustics who hoped for land from bolsheviks were painfully deceived - they became kolkhozers with no land and rights.After the Declaration of Independence of Lithuania in 1918, the land reform became the most important goal of the state. During the first three years of Independence 40 thousand hectares of land were distributed to war volunteers and their families. In 1923-1926 the land reform accelerated. By the end of 1937 10.642 war volunteers were granted land. The success of the land reform was mainly due to the prelate Mykolas Krupavičius. Cooperatives were well developed in Independent Lithuania and farmers were significantly supported by such cooperatives as Lietūkis, Pienocentras, Maistas, later by Linas and Sodyba. During 20 years of Independence Lithuania became the 3rd butter exporter in Europe and 5th in the world. At that time Lithuania was also the main exporter of meat (bacon), linseed and linen. In 1919-1939,159 118 farmsteads were set up in Lithuania. It was convenient, economical and practical to have a homestead and fields on the same land plot. About 300 000 farmsteads were established during this time. Village communities were established. During 20 years of Independent Lithuania, such institutions as Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, Agricultural Academy in Dotnuva, Veterinary Academy in Kaunas, and 6 other higher education institutions of agriculture were launched. The monograph presents the overview of the challenges the occupied Lithuanian villages faced according in different times of kolkhoz development. The First Soviet Occupation: The Beginning of Collectivization (1940-1941). On June 15th 1940, the USSR Red Army invaded Lithuania and in two days 35 000 troops were already in its territory. The occupants’ authorities established so called People’s Parliament and People’s Government which did not represent the will o f the nation but supposedly showed the legitimacy of the soviet government.In legal terms the decisions of the soviet government institutions have always been void. Noteworthy to mention that even this pseudo-parliamentary declaration, which announced the land to be the property of the state, has asserted that all attempts to impose kolkhoz organization against farm workers shall be strictly punished as it threatens the interests of the society and the government. However, even in 1941 the collectivization process was started because it was suggested that an interest in kolkhozes and a need to help their development had emerged. However, on June 14-19th, 1941, numerous farmers and their family members (3 538) alongside with teachers and professors (1 094), agronomists (59), doctors (79) were deported to Siberia. The war between the USSR and Germany which began on June 22nd, 1941 has temporarily terminated the first soviet occupation of Lithuania. The Second Soviet Occupation: War against Villages of Lithuania (1944-1948). The second soviet occupation started on July 12th, 1944 when the Red Army took Vilnius and Klaipėda which was occupied on January 28th, 1945. The authors of the monograph emphasize three aspects of the war against Lithuanian villages: mobilization, deportation, and economic oppression. The Lithuanian Communist Party Central Committee (thereinafter LCPC CC) decided to establish 30-40 fighter battalions in different municipalities. In autumn 1945, the fighter battalions were named the people protectors while people referred to them as the destroyers. In 1945 about 11 000 armed destroyers spread over Lithuania. On July 25th, 1944 the secretory chairman of LCPC CC A. Sniečkus and the chairman o f the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic of M . Gedvilas assured the chairman of USSR State Committee of Defense J. Stalin that the Red Army will be supplemented by around 250 000 Lithuanian soldiers. [...]. [Extract, p. 270-271]