Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorų namai XVI a. - XVII a. pirmoje pusėje

LTKnygoje yra siekiama atskleisti, kokie buvo XVI a. - XVII a. pirmos pusės LDK bajorų namai ir kas juose gyveno, kartu ir pateikiant patikrintą būdą skaitytojui mintimis nusikelti ir pasižvalgyti po šią privačią namų erdvę, egzistavusią prieš keturis ar penkis šimtus metų. Ką gi buvo galima pamatyti užsukus į to meto bajoro namus? Kokius žmones ten sutiktume? Ir netgi - kuo būtume ten pavaišinti? Ieškoti atsakymų į šiuos klausimus, gvildenti įvairias kasdienio gyvenimo bajorų namuose detales leidžia Vakarų Europos mokslinėje literatūroje jau praeitame šimtmetyje susiformavusi kasdienybės istorijos tyrimų tradicija3, o taip pat išsikristalizavusi teorinė vadinamo namų ūkio (angl. household, lenk. gospodarstwo domowe) koncepcija. Knygoje remiamasi išplėsta namų ūkio samprata, apimančia ir materialinę namų aplinką, ir joje gyvenusius žmones, taip apjungiant kelias tyrimo sritis, kai šalia labiau šone liekančios socialinės ir ekonominės istorijos labiausiai dominuoja būtent kasdienybės istorija. Taikant tokią prieigą, tai pirmas toks išsamus LDK bajorų namų ūkio tyrimas. [...]. [Iš Įvado]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (LDK; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL); Bajorai; Sodybos; Architektūra; Istoriniai šaltiniai; Pastatai; The Great Duchy of Lithuania; Noblemen; Granges; Architecture; Historical sources; Buildings.

ENThis book presents an attempt to disclose the noble households of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries. It also provides a proven way for the reader to transport themselves into and observe these private domestic surroundings, which had existed four or five hundred years before our time. What is there to see for us, if we were to drop in? Who would we meet? If served food, what dishes would we get to taste? We are able to seek answers to these questions and delve into the various details regarding the everyday domestic life of the nobles thanks to the tradition of studying the history of daily life, which had developed in Western European scientific literature over the past century, as well as the theoretical concept of the household (the gospodarstwo domowe in Polish) that eventually took shape. This work refers to an expanded definition of the household, which covers both the material domestic environment as well as the individuals living therein; several research fields are thus merged when the history of daily life prevails the most and overcasts the social and economic history. This is the first such study of the noble GDL households in terms of applying such an approach. The work of Austrian historian Otto Brunner Das "Ganze Haus" und die Alteuropäische "Ökonomik" (1950) exerted major influence over the understanding and explication of the meaning of household studies. In the 1950s, he developed the concept of das Ganze Haus, connecting it with the classical Greek understanding of oikos. It is very significant that in his work, the scholar emphasized the special meaning of das Ganze Haus, including more than the fundamental structure of social relations and standing as well as, at the same time, emphasizing the basic unity of production and consumption in society.This understanding of the meaning of household studies in Western European historiography attracted a wide field of scholars besides historians, including economists, sociologists and social geography researchers (Richard Wall, 2001, p. 109). Historians had considered the household as both a material environment and a group of people who lived together in that environment. This sort of flexible understanding of "the household" allowed historians to explore the different aspects of "home life" (Kristen Neuschel, 1988, p. 596). The subject of this research are the noble households in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries. This study is a new attempt in Lithuanian historiography to elaborate a multifaceted concept of the household by exploring the households of the nobility, covering not just the sphere of material items complementing daily life but also the actors operating in that sphere, leading to a more holistic view of the household. The research showed that the noble household in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania corresponded locally with the definitions of the noble manor homestead. Three types of noble manor homesteads existed during the 16th to mid-17th centuries: one-, twoand three-courtyard homesteads. According to the sources from the first half of the 16th century, the single-courtyard homestead was common, but by the second half of the 16th and into the first half of the 17th centuries, however, the small onecourtyard manor homesteads were the main living spaces of only the lower stratum of the nobility. Growth in agriculture production led to the appearance of a separate courtyard for the barn with a larger number of buildings for dealing with the harvest. Three-courtyard homesteads were formed in this period on the manor estates of the richer nobles.These homesteads were characterized by a larger number and variety of buildings, but the majority of them were intended for the same important household functions as before: the residence of the noble family, housing for the servants, storage for personal items, the production of food and drink, storage of unthreshed grain, food products and hay, and shelter for livestock. On the larger homesteads, however, there also appeared spaces of the recreational type (small summer-cottage type buildings). In the first half of the 17th century, following the example of Western European residences, greater attention was given to the aesthetics of the garden areas and architecture on the manor homesteads of the elite. An analysis of the manor inventories shows a marked differentiation between manor homesteads. Depending on the social status and affluence of the owner and his personal interests, homesteads were of different importance, size, structure, number of buildings and their layout. There were no essential differences, however, between the manor homesteads of Lithuania propria and the Slavic territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Certain regional features are only apparent in the architecture of specific buildings, witnessed by terms in the sources such as the "Lithuanian" building for drying grains, the grain storage barn "built in the Lithuanian manner", the "Russian" barn etc. Most different were the manor homesteads of the nobility of Samogitia where there was building unique to the region called numas. The lowest stratum of the nobility lived in small wooden houses built right on top of the ground with straw roofs and paper or cloth windows, thus being very close in terms of living conditions to the homes of the peasantry. Wealthier nobles built raised houses – a characteristic of Northern and Eastern European architecture. [...]. [From the publication]

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