Judantis amžinybės atvaizdas: laikas ir jo veidai Platono filosofijoje

LTStraipsnyje analizuojami įvairūs laiko problematikos Platono filosofijoje aspektai. Pirmiausia, pasitelkiant dialogą Timajas, atkreipiamas dėmesys į paties Platono eksplicitiškai išreikštą ir teoriškai artikuliuotą metafizinę laiko sampratą, padariusią didelę įtaką tiek Vakarų filosofijos, tiek ir mokslo raidai, todėl gana išsamiai tyrinėtą ne tik filosofijos istorikų, bet ir mokslo istorikų. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad, be šios eksplicitinės, teoriškai artikuliuotos laiko sampratos, Platono tekstuose galima aptikti ir daugybę kitų, tiesiogiai nematomų laiko „veidų“, kurie nėra sulaukę deramo tyrinėtojų dėmesio ar net apskritai yra likę nepastebėti. Būtent šie nematomi laiko „veidai“ – įvairūs laikiškieji fenomenai, laiko ir laikiškumo aspektai, dialogų turinio ir formos plotmėje įžvelgiamos įvairiausios laiko bei laikiškumo apraiškos – tampa regimi žvelgiant į juos šiuolaikinės filosofijos, o ne tik tradicinės filosofijos istorijos žvilgsniu. Parodoma, kad įvairios laikiškumo apraiškos, įvairūs laiko aspektai bei laikiškieji fenomenai gali būti įžvelgti įvairiose Platono dialogų plotmėse. Straipsnio pabaigoje daroma išvada, kad laiko fenomenų bei aspektų Platono filosofijoje įvairovė liudija platoniškosios laiko problematikos – tiek eksplicitiškai išreikštos, tiek ir implicitiškai numanomos – turtingumą bei daugiabriauniškumą ir parodo, kad ši problematika gali būti tinkamai suvokta ir ištirta tik pasitelkiant šiuolaikinės filosofijos prieigas, ypač fenomenologiją ir hermeneutiką, nes tradiciniai antikinės filosofijos istorijos metodai nėra labai perspektyvūs siekiant Platono filosofijoje pastebėti tai, kas nėra tiesiogiai teoriškai artikuliuota ir nusakyta metafizinėmis kategorijomis. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Amžinybė; Atvaizdas; Fenomenologija; Filosofijos istorija; Graikų literatūra; Hermeneutika; Laikas; Platonas; Senovės; Senovės graikų filosofija; Senovės graikų literatūra; Šiuolaikinė filosofija; Ancient Greek; Ancient Greek literature; Ancient Greek philosophy; Contemporary philosophy; Eternity; Hermeneutics; History of philosophy; Image; Literature; Phenomenology; Plato; Time.

ENThe author of the article focuses on the various aspects of time in Plato’s philosophy, discussing the explicit theoretical understanding of time in late Platonic dialogues (especially the Timaeus) as well as those manifestations of time which might be discerned at various levels of Plato’s texts: at the level of their philosophical content, at the level of narrative form of the dialogues where a certain recurrent narrative sequence forms a specific temporal framework characteristic of Plato’s way of narration, and at the level of the very history of the development of Plato’s philosophical views as well as the hypothetically reconstructed history of the formation of Platonic textual corpus which enables us to construct a hypothetical temporal sequence of relative dates attached to Platonic dialogues. Firstly, the author analyses the explicit theoretical understanding of time extant in the late Platonic dialogue Timaeus, mainly focusing on some philosophical implications of the notion of time as the moving image of eternity. A philosophical paradox inherent in Plato’s understanding of time as some sort of „reduced“ eternity ir brought to the fore. After that, the author of the article discusses a series of textual examples which might be treated – perhaps somewhat anachronistically – as instances of literary and philosophical approach which could be interpreted as indirect signs of the emerging phenomenology of time (or, at least, some sort of protophenomenology of time) in Plato’s dialogues. The way Plato links the description of the „objective“ flow of time with the description of how an embodied creature, say Socrates, subjectively feels the flow of time, as well as other similar textual examples, might be presented as clear instances of such emerging protophenomenology of time.The temporal framework of Platonic dialogues which might be discerned in and analysed from the standpoint of some specific features of Platonic narrative presents yet another context and possibility of interpretation of Platonic textual corpus in terms of time. The various levels of dramatic intensity characteristic of different parts of a dialogue can be linked with the varying pace of the flow of dramatic time in the narrative sequence of each dialogue. The fourth aspect of time in Platonic dialogues might be linked with the history of the development of Plato’s philosophical views and the formation of the textual corpus of Platonic dialogues. In this respect, two alternative possibilities should be brought to the fore: the first possibility is that of slight, moderate, or even radical change of Plato’s philosophical views over time, and the second one is that of relatively unchanging or even firmly fixed philosophical views of Plato which were undergoing change over time not in terms of essential philosophical substance, but only in terms of the presentation of some fixed system of philosophical views. At the end of the article the conclusion is made that the problematics of time in Plato’s philosophy is extremely multifaceted and should be approached from different perspectives. The narrowly theoretical and metaphysical approach which is characteristic of the traditional history of Classical philosophy cannot do justice to the substantive and formal richness of Platonic philosophy with respect to the philosophical problem of time and should be eventually superseded by a more adequate understanding of the range of time problematics in Plato’s philosophy. Such understanding should take into account the achievements not only in the history of Classical philosophy, but also in various branches of contemporary philosophy, especially phenomenology and hermeneutics. [From the publication]

• Filosofija / Philosophy
• Etnologija / Ethnology