Lietuvių liaudies pasakos „Antimi pavirtusi sesuo“ populiarumo fenomenas

LTPasaka „Antimi pavirtusi sesuo“ (AT 452C*), paprastai žinoma „Sigutės“ pavadinimu, visuotinai laikoma populiariu naratyvu. Ji skelbiama tiek akademiniuose, tiek plačiajai visuomenei skirtuose leidiniuose. Tačiau Lietuvių pasakojamosios tautosakos kartotekoje šios pasakos randame tik septyniolika variantų ir penkis fragmentus, užfiksuotus iš žodinės tradicijos. Pasitelkiant konteksto analizę, straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kada, kokiomis aplinkybėmis ir kaip ši pasaka virto populiariu naratyvu. Pirmasis pasaką apie Sigutę XIX a. antrojoje pusėje paskelbė Eduardas Volteris, pateikdamas ją kaip lietuvių kalbos tarmės pavyzdį. Šis variantas po spaudos draudimo lotyniškais rašmenimis panaikinimo buvo perspausdintas vaikams skirtame pasakų rinkinėlyje ir paplito po mokyklinius leidinius. Pasakos siužetą savo kūryboje ėmė naudoti neoromantikai – Vydūnas, Salomėja Nėris ir kt. Sovietmečiu „Sigutė“ imta tiražuoti populiariais pasakų rinkinukais, garso įrašais, pagal jos siužetą rašytos ir statytos pjesės vaikams, – taip pasaka įsitvirtino ir populiariojoje kultūroje. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Chrestomatija; Neoromantizmas; Pasaka „Sigutė“; Pjesė; Rašto kultūra; Anthology.

ENThe Lithuanian folktale “The Sister as Duck” (AT 452C*), most commonly known under the name of “Sigutė”, is generally regarded as a popular narrative. It is appreciated for the rich mythical imagery: after the female protagonist is burned and the cow licks the ashes, the duck appears; the snow is allegedly sparkling because of the witch’s brains (bones) scattered there, etc. Moreover, the tale abounds in expressive song insertions. This tale has been published both in academic and popular editions. Its images are widespread in popular culture, even becoming stereotypical. However, in the card file catalogue of the Lithuanian folk narratives, only 17 variants of this tale and 5 fragments recorded from oral tradition can be found. By using contextual analysis, the author of the article attempts establishing when, how, and due to what circumstances this tale has turned into a phenomenon of popular culture. Its first recording from oral tradition in the 19th century purported to serve as illustration of the peculiarities of a particular Lithuanian dialect.After the ban of the Lithuanian press was included into a published collection of folktales for children, subsequently spreading to various schoolbooks, which commonly used it for didactic purposes, such as educating empathy in children. During Soviet times, the tale found its way into several academic editions, afterwards crossing into popular folktales’ collections for children published in thousands of copies. The tale also became popular in audial shape: its sound recordings were published both in Lithuania and abroad. The analysis of the tale’s variants recorded from the oral tradition highlighted certain characteristics indicating that its popularity must have depended on the written culture. In the five variants of the tale recorded in 1936–1959, the female protagonist is not once called Sigutė or turns into the duck. However, the eleven variants recorded in 1962–1980 include most of the structural components or certain peculiar details from the first published variant of the tale, e.g. the song insertions, the girl’s name, the duck motive. In most cases, the girl turns into duck here, and only once into a cuckoo. This testifies to the obvious influence of the published variant.The folktale “Sigutė” earned phenomenal popularity also due to its artistic interpretations. In the beginning of the 20th century, it inspired works by such Lithuanian neo-romanticists as Vydūnas, Salomėja Nėris and others. During Soviet times, this story served as basis for plays and theater performances for children, thus further paving its way into popular culture. The fate of the folktale “Sigutė” may be regarded as a certain case of folktale canon formation: the folk text originating in oral tradition is affected by instruments of the written culture, turning into a narrative of national renown and importance. Possibly such cannon formation was also determined by the decline of the traditional folk culture, as result of which the educated people selecting the folk texts to inspire their creativity particularly favored the ones characterized by a dramatic story line and impressive tragic developments, which therefore could be easily adapted into individual literary compositions. Thus, the literary and musical interpretations of the folktale “Sigutė” have significantly added to its popularity, turning it into a canonic childhood text. Lacking popularity in the oral tradition and recorded as just a few fragmented variants, most likely retold from the published folktale collections, the folktale “Sigutė” became a special phenomenon of the written Lithuanian culture. [From the publication]