На службе короля и Речи Посполитой

LTReikšminiai žodžiai: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (LDK; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL); Livonija (Livonia); 16 amžius; Istoriografija; The Great Duchy of Lithuania; Livonia; The Lithuanian XVI c. history; Historiography; Rusija (Russia).

ENThe book, projected to be part of a trilogy on the Russian emigration in the 16th - beginning of the 17th century, strives to reshape existing knowledge on the political and intellectual elite of the European Muscovites during the reign of Ivan the Terrible (1533-1584). The opening chapter presents new insights into the reasons and rationales behind the process whereby political "Others", including the emigres, fell into oblivion in historical writing of the time, and how this narrative was revived in later historiography. The concepts of loyalty and subordination and protest in the Early-Modern Russia underwent semantic relocation, but its directions depend on the language and the narrative of historians. The main perspectives discussed derive from this shift and from new critical examination of the sources. Does the subordination vs. conflict alternative exist in the primary source evidence, hardly destroyed and consciously done away with? What strategy do we need not to slip into the apology of suppression? To what extent does our knowledge of protest and disagreement in Early-Modern Russia depend on the understanding of subordination and suppression? Are we able to disconnect our interpretative solutions from the concept of cultural inevitability and coming to grips with the growth of the Muscovite state? Could we really be sure that in the case of Tsar Ivan IV and Prince Andrey Kurbsky we are dealing with clear delimitations of the personal and the general, the cultural and the psychosomatic, or that rivalry between them and other representatives of the State and the Treason of the time has symbolic collective meanings?.What should we do when the habitual disposition of cultural "Selves" and "Others" is changed, and Selves and Others no longer exist, or they are inseparable from each other, or are they - as identities - totally invented? Moreover, when the conflict is reshaped and reinterpreted, does it influence the reshaping of the concepts of control, subordination, and consent? [...] The emigres in the scope of this research were involved in numerous social and cultural processes in Europe. They helped redefine and clarify cartographical descriptions of Muscovy, engaged in war-and-peace decisions of the rulers, appeared as representatives of Muscovy at royal elections in the Rzeczpospolita, wrote and compiled literary works, printed books, interfered in court scandals and affairs of kings and magnates. The social parameters of Muscovite elite emigration in Europe requires new scales for qualification and better understanding of cultural differences and options for integration. Such factors as informal prestige, integration in local communities, clientele and patron personal strategies, involvement in debates with European intellectuals and former compatriots, participation in court rituals, and alleviation of the imagined Muscovite identity’s impact are elaborated and implemented in this study. It strives to solve several problems: Why did the Muscovites flee and why they couldn't come back to the tsar's service? What was their social status in the Muscovite state and abroad? [...] The book reinterprets known sources, occasionally augmented with new contexts of analysis. Some of the sources are published in the annexes (I-IX). The book contains a reconstruction of Prince Semyon Belsky's archive in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, retraces social activities and itineraries of those Russian courtiers who fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1534-1536 (Ch. 1).It revises the origins of Ivan Fedorov, and argues that he and the enigmatic Ivan Peresvetov are one and the same person. The role of Ivan Fedorov-Peresvetov in invention of the new political language in Russia allows him to be seen as the key ideologist of the “monarchic revolution” (Ch. 2). Vladimir Zabolotsky, who emigrated from Russia before the war led by Ivan IV against the Polish king, became the first de facto political traitor who ignited non-trivial interest in his Muscovite and European contemporaries, especially in the last two days of his life, when he engaged in conflict with Christof Radziwiłł "Piorun" and died in massacre (Ch. 3). Warriors and heroes of the War for Livonia, Timofey Teterin and brothers Saryhozin, represented the new Muscovite military elite abroad. They challenged Muscovite autocracy at the same time as Prince Andrey Kurbsky and played an active part in political and intellectual life of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Ch. 4). The chapter on David Belsky and Michail Golovin presents a historiographical ethos of a "traitor". In addition, it reconstructs clan politics of memory of the Muscovite emigres (Ch. 5). Several microanalyses are devoted to Prince Andrey Kurbsky's intellectual and social life abroad, with systematic reinterpretation of his social status and career, cultural imagination, Renaissance allusions, emotional world and rationalizations, his true and false descendants in emigration, and his literary works against the background of new or, in the context of Kurbskiana, not previously studied source evidence (Ch. 6). The detailed Prince Kurbsky’s itinerary is based on feasibly all known and available sources concerning his life in Russia (ca. 1528-1564) and in emigration (1564-1583) (Annex X). [From the publication]