Galios santykių mechanizmų, kaip neformalaus ugdymo formos, įtaka nesantuokinių vaikų skaičiui XIX a. pab.-XX a. pr. Lietuvos kaime: Šiaulėnų parapijos atvejis

LTNors Michel'io Foucault filosofinė galios santykių nulemto asmens elgesio formavimo (panopticizmo) teorija XXI a. visuomenės kontekste susilaukia kritikos, ji dėl XIX a.-XX a. pr. visuomenėje egzistavusių sociokultūrinių veiksnių leidžia geriausiai atskleisti konkrečių socialinių fenomenų prigimtį. Atliktu tyrimu siekiama pagrįsti hipotezę, kad kaimo bendruomenėse egzistavę galios santykių mechanizmai buvo esminė priežastis ženkliems nesantuokinių vaikų skaičiaus skirtumams tarp miesto ir kaimo bendruomenių. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Galios santykiai; Laikotarpis nuo 1896 iki 1905 metų; Nesantuokiniai vaikai; Tėvų globos netekę vaikai; 19 amžius; XX a. pr. Lietuvos kaimas; Šiaulėnų parapija; Children deprived of parental care; Lithuania; Non-marital children; Period from year 1896 until 1905; Power relations; Village in Lithuania in end of the19th century – beginning of the 20th century; Šiaulėnai parish.

ENRegardless of whether the phenomenon of children deprived of parental care is analysed in today's society or in the chosen historical period, we have to admit that this has always been a specific issue requiring decisions by the society and public authorities. It is known, that in the 16th century in the Central and Western European cities authorities gradually took care of the poor from the responsibility of the church institutions. In Lithuania, as in other countries, social care institutions primary had been established by the local churches and this was a longlasting practise. In the big cities of Lithuania like Vilnius and Kaunas, social care institutions - hospitals (from Polish szpitale), which took care of elderly, homeless, sick and children were functioning until the beginning of the 20th century. A network of institutions, which were established by the parish churches in the rural communities also had performed very similar functions. Although institutions in the cities and in the villages had the same name hospitals, it is doubtful that their functions in all cases were similar. In the case of the childcare, in the cities as it was in the Western Europe, in the 19th-20th centuries specialized institutions for children deprived of the parental care were established. However, existing researches in Lithuania on the issue of childcare and education of children deprived of the parental care in the end of the 19th century - beginning of the 20th century are very scares. Those researches that exist usually equally evaluates hospitals and specialised childcare institutions, creating impression, that hospitals in rural communities also were specialised childcare institutions. Although in practise there could be cases when such statement would be right, generally, form the perspective of institution activity - those were focusing on very different aspects of social care.The most important is that there is no empirical research, which would show that in the discussed period, based on the inner organization of rural communities and power relation, that controlled practices of the social behaviour, there was a practical need for childcare institutions in the rural communities. Taking into account the problematic aspects of the phenomenon under discussion, the research presented in this article attempts to determine the situation of the number of non-marital children in the end of the 19th century - beginning of the 20th century Lithuanian Vilnius and Kaunas provinces and the chosen parish of Šiaulėnai. The hypothesis of the research is that, as a result of the existence of strong social networks and establishment of power relations mechanisms in the rural communities, compared with the cities, there was a significantly lower number of non-marital children - so lower number of potentially abandoned children who would need an institutional care. The object of the research is practical influence of the power relations mechanisms on the differences of the number of non-marital children in the rural and urban settlements in the end 19th century - beginning of the 20th century Lithuania. The aim of the research is to empirically substantiate the claim that due to the internal structure of the city and rural communities and the socio-cultural differences that have affected the number of children in need of institutional care, research on the activities of childcare and education institutions for children deprived of the parental care first must be oriented towards the urban communities.The analysis of birth statistics of the year 1896-1905 shows that there were significant differences in the proportion of non-marital children in the provinces, counties, towns and parishes. Although the territorial units of different sizes were analysed, it was established that their structure and internal socio-cultural characteristic had a greater influence on the number of non-marital children than the share numbers of inhabitants of the administrative units alone. This allows to confirm the research hypothesis that due to the moral norms existing in rural communities, strong social networks and power relations mechanisms, which had effected individuals in rural communities, in comparison with cities, there was a significantly lower number of non-marital children - the number of potentially abandoned children. As well as the data of the research of rural parish of Šiaulėnai had revealed that there were no sheltered children deprived of the parental care in the parish hospital. [From the publication]

• Sociologija / Sociology
• Istorija / History