Žievėgraužis tipografas ir ekologinių sąmonių konfliktas Belovežo girioje

LTBelovežo giria, penkis šimtus metų buvusi griežtai saugomu Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdovų asmeniniu medžioklių plotu, šiuo metu yra ekologinio ir politinio konflikto teritorija. Šis kivirčas, prasidėjęs dėl Lenkijai priklausančioje girios dalyje plintančio žievėgraužio tipografo (lot. Ips typographus), vietos gyventojus padalijo į dvi ideologines stovyklas. Ar šio vabalo plitimas kelia pavojų giriai? Koks turi būti žmogaus santykis su gamta? Kirsti ar nekirsti vabalų graužiamus medžius? – šie ir panašūs klausimai supriešino Bialovežos (lenk. Białowieża) miestelio bendruomenę. Abi šalys sutaria, kad saugoti gamtą yra žmonių pareiga, bet jų nuomonės išsiskiria dėl to, ką reiškia žodis gamta ir kaip ji turėtų būti saugoma. Šis straipsnis, pasiremiant šiuolaikinių ekofilosofų darbais, analizuoja 2017 ir 2018 metais Bialovežoje rinktus giluminius interviu, mėginant atskleisti šiuos du konkuruojančius požiūrius, dvi gamtos sampratas ir dvi jomis paremtas ekologines sąmones. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Belovežo giria; Ekologinė sąmonė; Gamtos samprata; Ideologijos; Białowieża Forest; Ecological consciousness; Concept of nature; Ideology.

ENThe article analyzes ideological basis for the ongoing ecological / political conflict in Białowieża Forest, Poland, and the way ideologies affect lives of the local inhabitants. The said conflict is at least partially caused by the recent spread of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips Typographus). This forest once used to be the royal hunting grounds belonging to the rulers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Recently the conflict over it expanded on to the international level: Poland stood trial in the European Court of Justice for the continuous cuttings in the UNESCO and NATURA2000 protected forest areas. For the research purposes, a series of in-depth interviews were conducted in Białowieża with various parties participating in this conflict. These include representatives of the National Park of Białowieża, the Białowieża State Forestry offices, the local forestry technical school (Technikum Leśne), the Polish mammal research institute (Instytut Biologii Ssaków Polskiej Akademii Nauk), different NGOs, such as Fundacja Dzika Polska and Fundacja Edukacyjna Jacka Kuronia, and ordinary residents of the town, whose everyday lives got tangled in these debates. The paper analyses arguments presented in these interviews in order to demonstrate the differences in ideology and worldview separating the opponents. In this article, the organizations are roughly grouped into two ideological camps, based on their arguments about nature. Apparently, even though both camps are interested in protecting nature, they disagree on the concept of nature that they are protecting. The lack of political agreement rests on different ideas about the meaning of the word itself. Both versions of the concept are analyzed by using historical and philosophical arguments.One side maintains that nature is nearly static (fast changes in it are regarded as a disease), holistic and related to the figure of the forester as creator and supervisor of the natural forest. Another side perceives nature as dynamic, non-holistic and detached from humans. The defenders of the second type of the concept believe that nature is in danger because of the foresting, since humans are regarded as ontologically separate from nature. The article also analyzes many other different ideological factors that also fuel the conflict (including aesthetical and economic arguments) and their impact on the lives of the local population of Białowieża and Hajnówka. Both towns struggle in reshaping themselves according to the currently shifting environmental paradigm and reinventing a new identity. Moving away from the forest management (the old paradigm) seems increasingly inevitable, yet the emerging new paradigm apparently leaves no place for humans living in the forest. Therefore, neither paradigm is currently capable of winning the debate, establishing some kind of dialectic relationship instead. [From the publication]