Privačios fundacijos ir donacijos stačiatikių cerkvėms bei vienuolynams Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje XIV a. pabaigoje-XVI a. pradžioje

LTXIII a. ir vėliau į Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės sudėtį patekusios rusėniškos žemės turėjo ilgą raštijos tradiciją. Nuo XI a. stačiatikių vienuolynuose rašomi metraščiai, perrašinėjamos liturginės knygos, sudaromos rašytinės fundacijos, kunigaikščių testamentai, verčiami Bizantijos teisynai ir kt. XV a. pradžioje LDK sudėtyje buvo Kijevo metropolija su šiomis vyskupijomis: Černigovo, Lucko, Polocko, Vladimiro, Smolensko ir Turovo, kuriose veikė katedros (soborai), turėtas platus cerkvių ir vienuolynų tinklas. Nors rusėniškose žemėse egzistavo rašytinė kultūros tradicija, duomenų apie įvairias suteiktis yra stulbinamai mažai. Buvo dvejopa šių dovanojimų įteisinimo praktika. Bent nuo XIV a. jie buvo įrašomi evangelijose (šie trumpi įrašai, vadinamieji protodokumentai, turėjo teisinę reikšmę ir teismuose prilygo dokumentams), o bent nuo XIV a. pabaigos surašomi atskiri dokumentai, kurie turėjo formuliarą ir buvo patvirtinti antspaudais. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama privačių fundacijų ir donacijų, kuriomis laikome žemių kunigaikščių, didikų ir bajorų išduotus dokumentus, raida. Paprastai šie dokumentai buvo sudaromi stačiatikiškoje aplinkoje, galima manyti, menkiausiai patyrusioje lotyniškosios rašytinės kultūros įtaką. Tiriamas jų paplitimas, išdavėjai ir gavėjai, dokumentų patvirtinimas, formuliaras ir kita. Tyrimas apima laikotarpį nuo ankstyviausių žinomų šios rūšies dokumentų XIV a. pabaigoje iki 1529 m. Pirmojo Lietuvos Statuto, kuris laikytinas tam tikru rašytinės kultūros sklaidos slenksčiu. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Fundacijos; Donacijos; Stačiatikiai; Cerkvės; Vienuolynai; Dokumentai; Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (LDK; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL); Fundations; Donations; Orthodox; Orthodox churches; Monasteries; Documents.

ENThe oldest foundation and donation related documents intended for Orthodox churches and monasteries and issued by private persons date back to the late 14th century. Until the mid-15th century only isolated documents are available, however starting with the 1440s the number of documents gradually increases up to the very beginning of the 16th century. In total, 107 documents are known (their register is presented in the article). Throughout the period under investigation most of the document drawers were regional dukes (mostly the Gediminids, several Rurikids), however, starting with the middle of the 15th century persons of noble descent were also recorded among the document drawers. 32 different locations where Orthodox churches and monasteries were provided for have been detected (mostly in the duchies of Kiev, Mstislavl, Pinsk, and Slutsk). The largest number of grants (15) were issued for the maintenance of Kiev Pechersk and Pustynsk monasteries which suggests of the importance of Kiev as the centre of religious authority. Document subscriptions indicate that most of the persons who wrote these documents were laymen. The formular of the documents of this type underwent important changes in the middle of the 15 century and at the turn of the 16th century. First of all, in the mid-15th century important trends in the use of "corroboratio" (corroboration) and "testatio" (witnessing) formulae were recorded. "Corroboratio" was first detected in 1445 and soon became a customary section of the document. The principal "cormboratio" formulae were taken over from Latin documents, however, their distinctive feature was that almost half of the formulae in 1480-1528 had document transfer certificate which was not used in Latin documents.The introduction of "corroboratio" in the mid-15th century coincided with certain trends in other types of Ruthenian documents, however the emphasis on document transfer was much less frequent there. "Testatio" is detectable from 1465, however, it was not frequently used until the beginning of the 16th century. There was a variety of "testatio" formulae obviously borrowed from Latin documents. Two documents have the final part of the formula indicating "other witnesses" which was common of Latin formulae. "Testatio" in other types of Ruthenian documents was delectable from the late 14th century and starting with the mid-15th century it became a customary section of the formular. In the middle of the 15th century the formular of foundations and donations was supplemented with "pertinentio" (transfer of rights) and obligation. At the end of the 15th century the verbal "invocatio" (invocation), the clause of the "freedom of determination and common sense", and "promulgatio" (promulgation) were introduced. The use of the verbal "invocatio" was rather uncommon as compared to Latin foundations which for the most part had that formula. The lack of the verbal in "vocatio" could be considered as a certain peculiar feature of the Ruthenian GDL foundations. Most common were the Holy Trinity formulae typical of the Byzantine tradition, the Name of the Lord formulae, characteristic of the Latin documents, were less frequent. The clause of the "freedom of determination and common sense", and "promulgatio" were adopted from Latin documents. In other types of private Ruthenian documents "promulgatio" was used from the mid-15th century, foundations and donations were the last ones to adopt this formula. By the beginning of the 16th century, however, it had become a part of most documents of this type.The influence of the Latin document is also evidenced by several documents dating back to the 1520s which were dated indicating "Anno Domini". It is worth mentioning that by the 1510s "promulgatio" and "testatio" became commonly used and "corroboratio" was an almost mandatory section of the "formular". Taking into consideration the fact that the essential changes in the foundation and donation formular coincided with changes introduced in other Ruthenian documents that were apparently influenced by the Latin formular and the majority of document drawers were laymen, an assumption can be made that the Orthodox Church, despite the several century long knowledge of writing, had little impact on the dissemination of legal writing culture in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th-early 16th century. [From the publication]