Lietuvių ir rusų kalbų zooniminė frazeologija

LTMonografijoje analizuojama lietuvių ir rusų kalbų frazeologizmų su gyvūnų pavadinimais (zoonimais) semantika. Frazeologinei sistemai būdinga tam tikra tvarka. Jos esmę sudaro ypatingi santykiai tarp frazeologinio vieneto ir jo komponentų reikšmės. Ši ypatybė lemia poreikį, kompleksiškai aprašant frazeologizmų semantiką, atsižvelgti j jų leksinę sudėtį. Semantikos tyrinėjimai padeda geriau suvokti koncepto aplinką, išskirti jo požymius, savitus ir būdingus kiekvienai kalbos grupei. Frazeologinė medžiaga domina ne tik kalbininkus, o jos sisteminimas suteikia galimybę geriau suvokti ir palyginti atskirų kalbų socialinio žmonių elgesio normas ir jų vertybines sistemas, gyvenimo būdą ir etnokultūrines ypatybes. Esminis ideografinių žodynų požymis yra visos leksikos ar atskiros semantinės grupės prasminis loginis skirstymas. Aprašant frazeologizmus ideo-grafiškai iškyla tam tikrų sunkumų, kuriuos sukelia junginių struktūra ir jų reikšmė, kuri, viena vertus, tuo pačiu metu gali būti konkreti ir apibendrinanti, kita vertus - turinti įvairias vertinamąsias, nacionalines, istorines ir kitas konotacijas. Ideografinės klasifikacijos prasminių klasių struktūra tiesiogiai priklauso nuo semantinio lauko struktūros. Si struktūra yra sudėtinga ir daugiasluoksnė. Ji integruoja semantinius, struktūrinius ir funkcinius frazeologizmo požymius. Joje pasireiškia tokie semantiniai santykiai: sinonimija, antonimija, polisemija, konversija, semantinė derivacija. Todėl rengiant tokio pobūdžio žodynus svarbu atsižvelgti į frazeologinės semantikos ypatumus, nustatyti ir racionaliai klasifikuoti prasmines grupes, esančias kiekvienos kalbos leksikoje. [...]. [Iš Įvado]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Zoonimai; Frazeologizmai; Semantika; Ideografinis žodynas; Sisteminis žodynas; Idioms; Zoonyms; Semantics; Ideographic; Dictionary; Systematic dictionary.

ENThis monograph presents semantic analysis of Lithuanian idioms containing animal names (zoonyms). A classification scheme and an ideographic dictionary of idioms are presented in Part One. In Part Two, quantitative values and semantic characteristics of zoonym components of idioms as well as their setting are discussed. In Part Three, Lithuanian and Russian idioms containing animal names are analyzed. The objective of this monograph is to apply onomasiological and sema-siological approaches in order to determine what phenomena, things and concepts in the Lithuanian language are described with idioms containing animal names and in what way the decomposition of extra-linguistic reality takes place by employing the outlined means of language. In order to achieve the aim, the following goals have been established: the same strategies of specifying and approving the descriptive method of the semantics of ideographic idioms were used so that to describe the semantic phenomena of the Russian language within the same semantic field in order to compare the lexical groups of idioms in Lithuanian and Russian languages, to conduct their ideographic distribution, to provide quantitative and qualitative characteristics of semantic classes and to discuss the setting of zoonymic components. The ideographic dictionary of Lithuanian idioms with a zoonym dictionary is the initial attempt to systemize idioms of one lexical group. A systematic dictionary helps to establish links between constant units within this array and to reveal in greater detail the peculiarities of the semantic and connotative expression of zoonymic phraseology.This type of dictionary was created and described by T. Kozlova ("Идеографический словарь русских фразеологизмов с названиями животных", 2001). This and other works of the author make a part of a joint dictionary of idioms of Indoeuropean languages containing animal names which is under construction. These works are based on the systematic language presentation scheme as developed by R. Hallig and W. Wartburg. The classification is universal, understandable and easily applicable for a variety of languages. In the framework of this strategy, all idioms containing zoonyms are divided into three registers - "Universe", "A human being" and "Universe and a Human being". Each of them contains 6 classes (6 in total), e.g. Visata —>Universe —>inorganic —>organic world; A human being —>as a living creature —>as an intelligent being —>as a social creature; A human being and the Universe —>abstract concepts and categories. The classes are divided into 34 groups and 45 subgroups. The number of groups and subgroups depends on the individual language as in each specific language, different concepts of the material world are named with different idioms. The data amassed in "Sisteminis lietuvių kalbos frazeologijos žodynas" ("Systematic Dictionary of the Phraseology of the Lithuanian Language") by J. Paulauskas was also used, in particular, when adjusting the distribution of idioms into groups and subgroups and specifying separate lexical groups. According to the adopted classification of animal names (Mouning, 1965), all zoonyms were divided into the following groups: domestic animals, wild animals, domestic birds, wild birds, fishes, insects, amphibians and crustaceans, animal genus rank names (such as cattle, fry, bird, fish, animal).The quantitative analysis of zoonymic components showed that different animal classes feature in different numbers of idioms. The class of domestic animals featuring in idioms contains 927 examples. Representatives of other classes make up far lower numbers, e.g. wild birds - 320 cases, wild animals - 359, insects - 183, domestic birds - 170, reptiles and amphibians - 120, fishes and crustaceans - 74 instances. The number of zoonymic compound components determines such activity of domestic animal names. 10 domestic animals have as many as 49 names. Among them, there are the names of the larger animals such as arklys —> a horse, asilas —> a donkey, jautis —> a bull, karvė —> a cow, medium-sized animals: avis —> a sheep, kiaulė -> a pig, ožka —> a [nanny] goat and the smaller animals: katė —> a cat, kralikas —> a rabbit, šuo —> a dog. The most common domestic animal names in idioms are the following: the dog - 336 times, the buck (i.e. the male goat) - 106, the cat - 58, the pig - 57, the horse - 48, the cow - 27, the sheep - 26, the bull - 26, the donkey - 5, the rabbit - 2, cattle - 2 times. The following animal names are distinguished by the abundance of zoonymic compound components: the horse, the dog - 9 times each, the pig - 7, the sheep, the cow - 5, the male goat - 4, the cat - 3 times. [...]. [From the publication]