Dyglosja i wielojęzyczność Polaków mieszkających w miastach na Litwie

• Diglossia and multilingualism of Poles from urban areas of Lithuania
• Lenkų, gyvenančių Lietuvos miestuose, diglosija ir daugiakalbystė

LTStraipsnio tikslas - išanalizuoti Lietuvos lenkų etninės mažumos vartojamų kalbų ir tarmių sritis. Atliktų 2007-2012 metais sociolingvlstlnių projektų duomenys leidžia apibendrinti Lietuvos miestuose gyvenančių lenkų atsakymus ir analizuoti jų kalbinės savimonės apraiškas. Analizuojant paaiškėjo, kad lietuvių kalba turi reikalingiausios kalbos statusą. Prestižiškiausia kalba laikoma anglų, bet gražiausia kalba įvardijama lenkų. Privačiojoje srityje lenkų kalba gerai išlaikoma tik vienatautėse šeimose. Lenkų tarmės respondentų vertinimas nėra vienodas, jį galima suskirstyti į kelis tipus. Beveik visuose miestuose jaučiama lenkų tapatybė palyginti su deklaruota tautybe mažėja, taip pat mažėja lenkų kalbos vartojimas ir lenkų kalbos kaip gimtosios deklaravimas. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Daugiakalbystė; Diglosija; Lenkų tautinė mažuma; Miesto kalba; Tarmė; Multilingualism; Diglossia; Polish ethnic minority; Urban dialect; Dialect.

ENThe paper aims to describe the functional distribution of languages that are used by the Polish ethnic minority living in the cities of Lithuania. The study reported here involves the analysis of linguistic attitudes of the Polish minority and reveals the specificity of dialects (“język prosty” and youth slang). More specifically, it analyses the prestige of dialects. The research is based on qualitative and quantitative data which were collected in a sociolinguistic research project, “A Sociolinguistic Map of Lithuania: Cities and Towns”, sponsored by the Research Council of Lithuania (No. LIT-2-18). The quantitative data come from questionnaires used in the survey of 296 Poles from urban areas of Lithuania. The data report that there is a dominance of certain uses of language across different areas of communication. The choice of language variety in the semi-public domain shows a preference for Polish and Russian. Public communication is associated with the Lithuanian language. During in-depth interviews the respondents stressed their appreciation of the Polish language, but they have also admitted that there is a difference between the language spoken in Poland and their local language – they were critical of their own language skills, and recognized the standard Polish language as superior.On the one hand, it can be argued that język prosty is restricted to communication in the family or limited to a circle of elderly people in the villages, therefore the use of język prosty in the public domain is considered rude. On the other hand, the use of youth slang carries prestige and the hidden sense of solidarity with the group. Young respondents expressed their positive attitude and appreciation of the youth slang. The common sense of youth slang and the język prosty from rural areas associate with the impolite variety, which contains a lot of vulgar words. However, respondents form urban areas would like to learn more languages and to be multilingual, but the future of the Polish language in Lithuanian cities does not look very bright, because the Polish language is reduced to informal contacts and this diminishes the need for education in this language. [From the publication]