Nidos kortelė Nr. 30084 Marburgo Pilypo universiteto vokiečių kalbos atlaso archyve : kalbos analizė

LTStraipsnyje analizuojamas vienas iš nedaugelio rašytinių nykstančios kuršininkų kalbos paminklų ‒ vadinamoji Wenkerio kortelė Nr. 30084, kuri buvo įtraukta į Georgo Wenkerio pradėto „Vokiečių kalbos atlaso“ (Deutscher Sprachatlas arba DSA) kartoteką. Pats šios kortelės rankraštis, jo sukūrimo aplinkybės ir rašybos sistema buvo jau pristatyti autorės kartu su Christiane Schiller publikuotame straipsnyje. Vienintelę kartotekoje kuršininkų kalbos kortelę sudarė Nidos mokytojas Otto Pohlmanas, remdamasis vietinio pateikėjo žvejo Mikelio Peleikio informacija. Šiame straipsnyje įvairiais lygmenimis (rašybos, fonetikos, morfologijos, leksikos ir sintaksės) analizuojama šio rankraščio kalba. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama kalbos autentiškumui – kaip užrašytasis tekstas atspindi realią to meto kuršininkų kalbos situaciją, o kurie faktai vertintini kaip dokumentavimo metodo (vertimo) trūkumai. Pastebėtieji kalbos ypatumai lyginami su keleriais metais vėliau paskelbtõs Adalberto Bezzenbergerio bei kitõs, po pusšimčio metų publikuotos, Jurio Plakio studijos medžiaga. Pastaruoju metu Vokietijoje vykdomas DSA skaitmeninimo projektas (DiWA), todėl manytina, kad išsami kiekvienos kortelės lingvistinė analizė pasitarnaus ir šiam uždaviniui. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Georgas Wenkeris; Vokiečių kalbos atlasas; Kalbos dokumentavimas; Nykstanti kalba; Kuršininkų kalba; Kalbų sąveika; Lingvistinė teksto analizė.

ENThe article presents a written source of the Kursenieku language - Card No. 30084 (Nida/ Nidden) from Deutscher Sprachatlas (DSA) launched by Georg Wenker. The linguistic analysis led to the following conclusions: The Nida card is carefully written, and its linguistic information in many cases reflects the authenticity of the language. The comparison with the research by professional linguists (Bezzenberger and Plakis) showed that in the nineteenth century the Kursenieku language was still a systematic geolect derived from a heterogeneous dialectal basis. The card also reflects the interaction of languages in the Curonian Spit. Phonetic features reflect the dialects of Courland and the results of interaction with the neighbouring Lithuanian dialects in terms of phonomorphology and a relatively insignificant influence of the German language. Morphology also contains archaic features of the dialects of Courland (the manifested declension paradigms, the old flections of nouns and the grades of adjectives, the preserved preterit forms of verbs, prepositions with plural forms). At the same time, the influence of the Lithuanian language (pronoun flections, verb tureti + inf., etc.) and the beginning of the influence of the German language, which manifests itself in the use of prepositions and compound verb forms, is observed. However, the effect of the German language cannot always be regarded as a dialect feature - for example, the often-repetitive use of tas, or the verb tureti in compound verb forms looks more like a fault of translation. In the lexis there is a strong Lithuanian influence, especially from the neighbouring Samogitian dialects, next to the lexis inherited from Courland. The Kursenieki also adopted German and Slavic lexemes from Western Lithuanian dialects, and some common Baltic words absorbed the Lithuanian meaning.The direct influence of the German language on lexis is not always considered to be an authentic feature of the Kursenieku language, since some words or their meanings are not confirmed by later sources; a part of lexical and semantic Germanisms in the text arose due to literal translation. Some similarities with German language equivalents are not easy to interpret, because analogical features can be found in Latvian. This makes the determination of the time of their occurrence in the Curonian Spit difficult. This is most applicable to syntax. Most of the translated sentences literally repeat the construction of the German original sentence, which is often not typical of the Baltic languages and sometimes makes the sentence hard to understand. However, there are exceptions ‒ some natural, creative syntactic equivalents are found. Due to the chosen method of language documentation (translation), the effect of German on the Kursenieku language in the 19th century should be carefully considered in this source, because the use of this method makes the literal transfer of the original almost inevitable. [From the publication]