Švietimas ar edukacija?

LTLietuvių mokslinėje kalboje ir praktikoje plačiai vartojamas „švietimo“ terminas. Pastaruoju metu stebimos pastangos jį įtvirtinti įvairiuose instituciniuose dokumentuose. Tačiau lygiagrečiai su „švietimo“ terminu ta pačia ar labai panašia prasme vartojami „ugdymo“, „auklėjimo“ bei „edukacijos“ terminai, o tai įneša daug painiavos į mokslą bei inspiruoja praktinį nesusikalbėjimą. Straipsnyje keliamas klausimas, ar galima „švietimo“ ir „edukacijos“ terminus lietuvių kalba ir „education“ anglų kalba laikyti ekvivalentais. Ieškant atsakymo į šį probleminį klausimą atlikta kritinė mokslinės literatūros ir dokumentų analizė, vadovaujantis postmodernistiniu požiūriu į žinojimą, kurio esmė yra supratimas, kad tikrovė yra reliatyvi, neapibrėžta, sukurta kartu dalyvaujant, todėl mokslinis žinojimas niekada nėra išbaigtas. Tad ir straipsnyje pateikta autorės interpretacija laikytina viena iš galimų „švietimo“ ir „edukacijos“ terminų interpretacijų. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Auklėjimas; Edukacija; Ugdymas; Švietimas; Švietimas ugdymas; Education; Enlightenment; Upbringing; Upraising.

ENThe origin of the term "švietimas" may be found at the turn of the 18th century in the Age of Enlightenment. Most of society lived in hardship, poverty, and oppression with no political rights, lacking even a rudimentary education. In other words, society was in darkness and needed illumination. It is no wonder the era was called the Age of Enlightenment (the Lithuanian term "švietimasis" based on the word for light). It should be noted that the term "enlightenment" was used only figuratively to describe the age, while basic pedagogical terms in most of Europe emanated from the Latin word "educare". Possibly the most salient event of the Age of Enlightenment in Lithuania was the establishment of the Commission for National Education in 1773. As in other European countries during the Age of Enlightenment, the term "education" was adopted. But in 1795 most of Lithuania was occupied by Tsarist Russia and Russian laws came into force. In 1802 Ministerstvo narodnogo prosveščenija (Enlightenment Ministry) was established in Russia using the term "enlightenment" instead of "education", which was then copied in Lithuanian. This was a time of intense Russification, and the term "švietimas" became fixed, pushing out the word "edukacija". We might agree with B. Bitinas (2011, 5), that the Tsarist occupation cut short the efforts to solidify the "educare" concept that was prevalent in Western Europe. More than a century later Lithuania declared its independence and the issue of basic Lithuanian terminology became very relevant. In 1935 S. Šalkauskis first used the word "ugdymas" as the equivalent of "education"/"erziehung" to describe the object of the science of pedagogy. Later, when Lithuania was again occupied and isolated from Western Europe by the iron curtain of the USSR, the use of the term "ugdymas" as the equivalent of &am.This term became fixed in the 1981 textbook “Pedagogika” by B. Bitinas, V. Rajeckas, J. Vaitkevičius, and Z. Bajoriūnas. At the same time, as in all of the USSR, "švietimas" ("prosveshchenije" in Russian) was used as an administrative term. The situation changed in 1990 when Lithuania regained its independence. Although the term "ugdymas" was considered the equivalent of "education"/"erziehung", this stance faltered in 2009 when TESE (The thesaurus for education systems in Europe) officially fixed the term "švietimas" as the translation of the English term education. From that time the term "švietimas" is used for "education"/"erziehung" when translating documents of the European Union. It should also be noted that in the last few decades the term "edukacija" is returning to the Lithuanian scholarly lexicon. This term is the most lucid equivalent of "education"/"erziehung", which was formally anchored in Lithuania in 1773, but forgotten due to Russification. With it the concept of "educare" returns to Lithuania. Maybe the time has come to return to "edukacija" as the Lithuanian equivalent of "education"/"erziehung" and the object of educational science? The Ministry might be called "Edukacijos ir Mokslo ministerija", and the term "švietimas" could retain its figurative meaning. [From the publication]