Jogailaičių titulatūra ir Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės paveldo problema (XV a. antra pusė-XVI a. pradžia)

LTReikšminiai žodžiai: Gediminaičiai; Jogailaičiai (Jagiellonian dynasty); Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (LDK; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL); Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (LDK; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL); 15 amžius; 16 amžius; Paveldėjimas; Titulas; Titulatūra; Tėvonija; Valdovai; Valdovas; Gediminid; Heredity; Jagiellonian; Lithuanian XV-XVI c. history; Monarchs; Patrimony; Sovereign; The Great Duchy of Lithuania; Title.

ENThe objective of the article is to look at changes to the dynastic patrimonial consciousness and its expression in foreign and domestic policy in the 15th and early 16th centuries. In the Middle and Early Modern ages, a ruler ’ s title reflected his status, supremacy) or parity in regard to other potentates and inferiors. The title of monarch also proved his rights as successor. Since the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became the inherited patrimony of the Gediminid-Jagiellonian dynasty. In fact, as Lowmianski noted, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was never recognized as a patrimony for the whole Gediminid family. The title of Lithuanian rulers was formed quite late. Until the Krewo treaty of 1385, the titles of Lithuanian rulers reflected the process of the formation and legitimation of sovereign power in regard to other princes of the ruling dynasty. Nevertheless, the title of Lithuania’s ruler was always superior to that of any other prince. When Jagiełło was elected king of Poland and Vytautas became the grand duke of Lithuania, the institution of the Lithuanian monarch finally split into a dual ranking system: the Polish king had the formal yet nominal title of the supreme duke of Lithuania, while the actual ruler of Lithuania adopted the title of the grand duke. This tradition in the titles of the Lithuanian rulers remained during the reign of Władysław Warneńczyk (even when he was the king of both Poland and Hungary) and Casimir Jagiellon, and was used in documents intended for domestic affairs. In 1471, when Władysław (the son of Casimir Jagiellon) was elected king of Bohemia and in 1490 - the king of Hungary, his patrimonial rights to Lithuania were not reflected in his title. This was because, at the time, his father Casimir Jagiellon was still the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and king of Poland.After Casimir’s death, his son Alexander ascended the throne of Lithuania as the "natural Lord" (dominus naturalis). Soon after, his brother Jan Albrecht was elected king of Poland and he renewed the title supremus dux Lithuaniae. The rights of the king of Poland and the supreme ruler of Lithuania, as overlord of the grand duke, were not understood as a mere formality. They tried to be implemented both in the domestic and the international spheres. In the last decade of the 15th century, the age of the so-called Jagiellonian Europe, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was perceived as the patrimony of all the brothers. As it was then ruled by Alexander, he had to allot to his younger brother Sigismund, who was left with no domains, a larger portion than the other brothers would receive, because they had been elected to the thrones of foreign states. The Jagiellonians believed that dealing with their patrimony as a dynasty would be beneficial. Therefore, a plan was born among the brethren (the first is known to date to 1441, when the supreme ruler was Władysław Warneńczyk) to divide the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into two parts: Kiev and Lithuania. However, the Lithuanian Council of Lords opposed this idea. Tire patrimonial claims of Władysław Jagiellon to the Grand Duchy ofLithuania were especially evident in the early 16th century (after the treaty of the Melnik Union). He expressed concern over the patrimonial rights for his son Louis, who was not yet of age. Władysław underlined that the Grand Duchy was the inheritance of all the brothers - "it was, and it will be". When it became apparent that the Melnik Union would not be ratified at the congress of the Council of Lords, on February 2,1505 the king of Hungary and Bohemia refused his patrimonial rights to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in favour of his brother Sigismund (the Old) Jagiellon.The status of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as a patrimony to be inherited by the whole dynasty, remained in place. In 1514 Sigismund the Old wrote to his brother, the king of Hungary, that he was the heir to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ("...totum Magnum Ducatum Lithuanie, vris. Mtibus. hereditarium..."). Yet, the situation changed when Wladyslaw’s son Louis was guaranteed the right to succeed the Hungarian throne at the Congress of Vienna in 1515, and Sigismund the Old finally had male heirs. [From the publication]