Antano Tyzenhauzo statybos mokykla Gardine
LTStraipsnyje siekiama pristatyti Statybos mokyklą Gardine - XVIII a. antrosios pusės Abiejų Tautų Respublikoje analogų neturėjusią aukštesniojo lygio profesinę mokyklą, įkurtą Antano Tyzenhauzo. Aptariama ir vertinama šios institucijos veikla, jos edukaciniai principai ir lygis, kultūrinė ir institucinė reikšmė bendroje Lietuvos architektūros studijų raidoje. Grindžiama, kad Gardino priemiestyje Horodnycioje XVIII a. 8-9-ajame dešimtmečiais veikusi Statybos mokykla buvo novatoriška ir gerai organizuota, turėjo kryptingą programą, jos indėlis į Gardino ekonomijos statybinę veiklą buvo ženklus, o Abiejų Tautų Respublikos mastu mokykla teikė impulsų formuoti ir ugdyti naują socialinį ir profesinį sluoksnį, prisidėjo plečiant architektūros statinių tipologiją ir diegiant naujus urbanistikos principus. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Gardinas; Horodnycia; Statybos mokykla; XVIII a. švietimo institucijos; Architektūros mokymas; Antanas Tyzenhauzas; Grodno; Horodnica; School of Building Construction; Antoni Tyzenhauz; 18th century educational institutions; Architecture training.
ENAn important factor in the institutionalisation of architectural studies in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Age ofthe Enlightenment was the noble patrons’ role, which in a feudal society was a unique form of institutionalisation of the cultural process. So far, School of Building construction in Grodno, established approx, in 177a by Antoni Tyzenhauz, has not become a subject of special research. The School programme and detailed schedules found in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw, Tyzenhauz Foundation, gives principal information for the research of the activity of the institution. It was the first specialized in architecture post-secondary vocational training institution in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth intended to train not nobles but lower social group - peasants, citizens. The School, led by Italian architect Giuseppe de Sacco - one of the pioneers of Classicism in the State, had a high level of didactics, based on science, drawing and practical work coordination. Tbe School was aimed to train highly qualified industrial and residential architecture designers, building contractors. Theoretical lectures and practical exercises workload was very intense - six days a week, often even for the 13 hours. Pupils had drawing lesson every day, for 2-3 hours. The program focused on the practical knowledge of construction - smart and economical organization of work. Pupils were trained not only in the classes, but on site as well: they were practicing in building houses, manufactures, farmsteads and other various structures in Grodno and its new suburb Horodnica.From the point of view of the development of architecture and urban planning Horodnica was the earliest sample of integrated planning and construction in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Modern urban structure was raised - crafts, industrial and administrative complex ofbuildings with setdement for workers and craftsmen. Horodnica plan was developed by Johann Georg Moeser (Möser), who lectured in the School and later by G. Sacco. An innovative method of design - standard models ofbuildings - was applied for the first time. Within is years (1765-1780) even 85 buildings with 50 great manufactures were raised -a uniquely rapid tempo of construction in the 18th century. Unfortunately, A. Tyzenhauzs educational “experiment” stopped in 1780 by political considerations. This type of institutional establishment gave impulse to develop idea of the national public educational system, which would cover various social layers and many of life’s needs. That was ambitious and innovative activity, which intended to bring the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth closer to the level of advanced European countries. [From the publication]
