Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės nacionalizmo filosofijos pradmenys XVIII a. pabaigoje

LTStudijoje pristatoma Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Apšvietos pavidalų dichotomija: racionalistinis (monarchistinis) ir sentimentalistinis (respublikoniškasis). Fiziokratizmas buvo pirmojo dichotomijos nario filosofija. Jam alternatyvios filosofijos ir sentimentalistinės kultūros formacija susijusi su Jeano-Jacqueso Rousseau idėjų recepcija. Ji skatino respublikonizmo bei demokratinių tendencijų plėtrą. Šios stiprino valstybinio ir etninio prado sąveiką, lietuvių kalbos vartojimą pilietinėje sferoje. Nacionalizmo ištakos tiesiogiai susijusios su sentimentalistiniu, rusoistiniu diskursu; pastarasis Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės kontekste formulavo ir filosofiškai įprasmino naujas, nacijos turiniui įvardyti skirtas sąvokas. Tyrimui pasitelkiami žymaus Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės rusoisto - Mauricijaus Pranciškaus Karpio (Maurycy Franciszek Karp, 1749-1817) tekstai. Tautos dvasios turinys šio politiko ir filosofo grįstas rusoistiškai įprasmintais Abiejų Tautų Respublikos respublikonų idealų (laisvės, lygybės, vienybės) bei antikinių vertybių ansambliais. J jas dar neįskirtos etnokultūrinės vertės, tačiau šis preromantinio idėjinio lūžio ir valstybės katastrofos periodo nacionalizmas, esmingai veikiamas rusoizmo ir Lietuvos Didžiajai Kunigaikštystei būdingo sentimentalistinio rustikalizmo, jau numatė tautinės valstybės valdymo perleidimą liaudžiai, kuri suvokiama kaip ne kas kitas, o valstietija. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Sentimentalizmas; Rusoizmas; "Kita"; Apšvieta; Nacionalizmas; Monarchizmas; Respublikonizmas; Ketverių metų seimas; Valstybinio ir etninio prado sąveika; Preromantizmas; Sentimentalism; Rousseauism; "Other"; Enlightenment; Nationalism; Monarchism; Republicanism; Four-Year Sejm; Interaction between state and ethnic antecedents; Pre-Romanticism.

ENThis study explores premises of the newly shaping national discourse in the Commonwealth of Both Nations in the late eighteenth century. This discourse (texts and clear gestures) questioned traditional perception of a nation among nobility, joining the universal reformism of the Enlightenment with imperatives of independence and protection of traditions of the land; it was egalitarian and secular. This study presents the concept of two cultural configurations of the Enlightenment in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: rationalist (monarchist) and sentimentalist (republican). The debate here is with the schematized tradition of historiography, which recognizes only the first member of the configuration. The view is represented, that physiocratism was the official philosophy of the first member of this dichotomous configuration. Formation of an alternative to the official philosophy, and development of sentimentalist culture, is inseparable from appropriation ofJ-J. Rousseaus ideas. Rousseauism significantly influenced development of ideas of republicanism, parliamentarism, and democratic tendencies. To the latter can be attributed the strengthening interaction between state and ethnic antecedents, and civil and patriotic activation of the socially lower level Lithuanian speaking citizens (the study presents a case of the official use of Lithuanian language in a celebration at a sejmik). The source of nationalism is not directly linked to sentimentalist - Rous- seauist discourse, since the latter sought to conceptualise and provide philosophical meaning to the new notions, designed to verbalise the content of what it means to be a nation (the will of the nation, the spirit of the nation, etc.) in the context of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.Through employing political writings and parliamentary speeches of one of its most representative members - Maurycy Franciszek Karp, the hypothesis is supported, that this ideological initiative belonged to the republican wing of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This politician and philosopher bases the contents of the spirit ofthe nation in the ensembles of traditional, Rousseauism inspired, ideals of republicans of the Commonwealth of Both Nations (freedom, equality, unity) and values of neo-stoicism. The latter are almost identical to descriptions of the essence of eighteenth century nationalism, although they omit ethno-cultural values and do not represent the concept oflingua-centric nation. However, this prc-Romantic turning point of ideas, and nationalism in the period of state collapse, had already foreseen a legal transfer of instruments of state government (sejmiks) to the common people, who were understood no other than peasantry. M. P. Karp explicite identifies nation as people. The arguments of the study are based on quotations of representative texts, which, if brought into wider scientific discussions, could expand understanding of the early genesis of modern Lithuanian nation. [From the publication]

• Filosofija / Philosophy
• Istorija / History