Vilniaus senamiesčio regeneravimo projektai ir reglamentai: jų raida, reikšmė ir vertinimas

LTPraėjo 20 metų nuo Vilniaus istorinio centro įtraukimo į UNESCO Pasaulio kultūros ir gamtos paveldo sąrašą (1944–2015) ir 55 metai (nuo 1959) – nuo Vilniaus senamiesčio apsaugos pradžios. Atėjo laikas pirmą kartą Vilniaus senamiesčio apsaugos ir jo gaivinimo evoliuciją aptarti regeneravimo metodikos aspektu, pasiremiant per šį laikotarpį atliktų senamiesčio regeneravimo projektų ir įteisintų senamiesčio apsaugos reglamentų medžiaga. Vilniaus senamiesčio architektūrinio ir urbanistinio vertinimo pradžia laikomi 1939–1945 metai. Lietuvos restauratorių 1958 m. parengtas Vilniaus senamiesčio rekonstrukcijos projektas, po jo patvirtinimo 1959 m., skelbia istorinių miestų apsaugos pradžią Lietuvoje. Vilniaus senamiesčio rekonstrukcijos, vėliau ir jo 1974 m. ir 1988–1992 m. regeneravimo projektai buvo svarbūs savo tikslais, uždaviniais bei sprendiniais. Tolesnėje istorinių miestų apsaugos evoliucijoje Vilniuje pereita prie senamiesčio 1997 m. ir 2003 m. patvirtintų apsaugos reglamentų, kurie parodo senamiesčio apsaugos evoliucinę raidą bei sprendinių tobulėjimą. Straipsnyje pateikiama Vilniaus senamiesčio apsaugos ir regeneravimo raida, jos atskiri etapai ir jų vertinimas. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Vilniaus senamiestis; Senamiesčio regeneravimas; Istorinių miestų apsauga; Vilnius Old Town; Old Town regeneration; Preservation of historical cities.

ENThe research conducted by Marian Morelowski and Irena Katasynska from 1940 to 1943 and their assessments laid the beginning for the research into the Old Town of Vilnius as a historical part of the city. After World War II, in 1944, a plan of urban development of the Old Town was drafted. In the plan, the damage caused by military actions, the physical condition of buildings and their architectural value was registered and suggestions for repair and demolition were presented. The reconstruction project of the Old Town of Vilnius prepared by the restorers of the Scientific Restoration Workshop in 1958 and adopted by the Government established the guidelines of preservation and conservation of the Old Town of Vilnius and laid the foundations for the preservation of historical cities in Lithuania. The project contained a list of monumental and other buildings that should be preserved or demolished, and possible locations for new constructions. It became a guide not only for other cities of Lithuania, but also for other Soviet republics of that time. The regeneration project of the Old Town of Vilnius of 1974 was based not only on newer research and newer methods of integrated assessment of buildings and regeneration of urban areas, but also on certain traffic solutions introduced in the master plan by the city’s administration, which were detrimental to the Old Town. The regeneration project of the Old Town of Vilnius, which was developed from 1988 to 1992, already in a new political-economic situation, addressed the expansion of the limits of the Old Town and was based on the structure of historical real estate properties; the methods of building improvement were applied according to three territorial zones.The project also included the zones of conversion and the locations of redevelopment of valuable objects. For the first time, regulations of improvement works on each real estate property of the Old Town were introduced. The project served as one of the most important documents for the inclusion of the Vilnius Historic Centre in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The programme of the conservation of the Old Town of 1997 was the first attempt to introduce the legal regulation of heritage preservation and conservation works and to revise the earlier regeneration projects of the Old Town. However, as the programme was not fully functional and certain problems of implementation arose, a new programme was prepared; it was adopted in 2003 and is still in force. This programme defines more precisely and clearly the principles and requirements of the conservation and differentiated improvement of the Old Town, and has been more successfully implemented. [From the publication]