Autentiškumo prasmės: apie kultūros paveldą ir nacionalumą

LTTeoriniuose humanitarinių ir socialinių mokslų tyrimuose autentiškas reiškinys arba daiktas dažnai apibrėžiamas ir suvokiamas kaip priešingas neautentiškam. Tarpdalykinėse „autentiškumo“ sampratose įžvelgsime reliatyvumo, daugiaprasmybių, metodologijų kritikos. Antropologijoje „tikro daikto“ atpažinimas vaizdžiai siejamas su kolektyvinėmis pastangomis atsisakyti opozicijos. Šiuolaikiniuose diskursuose keliami klausimai: kuo prasmingos „autentiškumo“ sampratos modernybėje? Kaip pažinti „tikra“? Tikslas – atskleisti požiūrį, kaip galima vertinti autentiškumą. Nagrinėsime antropologijos teorijas, „savą“ ir „kitą“ besikeičiančioje Lietuvos visuomenėje, veikiamą kultūros politikos. Šis straipsnis parašytas remiantis teorinėmis antropologijos nuostatomis, kas yra autentiškumas; ilgalaikiais autorės kultūros stebėjimais „namuose“ ir pasaulio muziejuose. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: "kitas"; "savas"; Antropologija; Autentiškumas; Etnologija; Kultūra, autentiškumas, paveldas, nacionalumas, prasmė; Postmodernizmas; Sąvoka; "other"; "own"; Anthropology; Authenticity; Culture, authenticity, heritage, nationality, meaning; Ethnology; Postmodernism; The term.

ENThe aim of this paper is to reveal how we can understand "authenticity" while interpreting the theoretical approaches of anthropologists. This is a tiny step in the studies of "authenticity". Analyzing several theoretical discourses about the ways of defining "authenticity", cultural policy and the folk understanding of "ones own" culture, I aim to interest one in the meanings of the marks of national identity, nature, processes of construction and identification curves. How is "authenticity" distinguished? Bruno Latour wrote: "How can one not establish a radical difference between universal Nature and relative culture? But the very notion of culture is an artifact created by bracketing Nature off" (Latour 2014: 497). By the agreement of many authors, only after knowing the Other can one talk about the Self. Why is the phenomenon of a nation or culture considered to be authentic? How does culture become a sign of ethnic or national identity? Thomas Fillitz and A. Jamie Saris stress that authenticity has to be understood as part of the process, in which at a certain moment "a culturally bright end fascinates the social actor" (Fillitz, Saris 2013: 1–2). Questions on the definition of authenticity in Lithuanian ethnology are widely associated with the studies of material culture also the characteristics of an ethnographic region; on the other hand, in modern society, this concept was/is used in a variety of meanings. Once again to talk about the song festival, as a meaningful gathering of people, a sign of national identity, in this year named by the organizers and cultural political figures "here – my home", that previous research of identity also encouraged. In them I stated many times that the people of Lithuania in an exceptionally beautiful way talk about their "homeland" and "homes", which they relate to authenticity.The submitted peculiarities of Lithuania’s cultural policy and identity of the people once again nicely prove how ambiguous and important national culture is and how into it the local signs of culture of a certain time period blend. Having lost the social meanings belonging to a certain historic environment, these signs are interpreted; the most important, in the opinion of the people, become vivid meaningful signs of the identity of national culture about which it is talked about in the completely new relevant context of life. In anthropology authenticity as a social fact or a construct of cultural politicy, the activities of agents and experts are important uppermost as part of "identity" and "exchange", of "individual", "general", "national" and closely overlapping concepts. Modern studies of the policy of public information, the media, financial phenomena, the research of scholars require new ethnographic practices, ethnographic interpretations of theoretical approaches. It is important to reflect on the complicated histories of individual phenomena and the meanings of their authenticity; at the same time to disseminate the peculiarities of the national culture in museums, the interpretations of the cultural industries and the patchwork of the events of the world’s life. [From the publication]