LDK barokinė dvaro sodyba: istorinio vaizdo retrospekcija

LTReikšminiai žodžiai: Architektūra; Ašinė kompozicija; Bajoras; Barokas; Bastioninė pilis; Didikas; Didikai ir magnatai; Dvaro sodyba; Istorinis vaizdas; Kompozicija; Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (LDK; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL); Retrospekcija; Rezidencija; Architecture; Axial composition; Baroque; Bastion Castle; Composition; Dignitary; Historic view; Manor grange; Nobility; Nobleman; Residence; Retrospection.

ENIn the Republic of Both Nations, where the main government belonged to the nobility, its elite - the nobles and their followed large boyars - pursued to elevate their noble status by the view of their residences: the nobles-oligarchs created ideological art values, not only confirming their status in society, but also reflecting the royal ambitions (bastion castles, country residences). These residences germinated the early formation of regular spaces, search for formation of the order, which occurred in the composition by the axial design principle, which at the beginning was associated with the Italian architecture school. In the 17th century the main manor parts of noblemen were formed: residence (a representative), economic (farmstead). The merge of a representative-residential house into the common grange design spatial structure and release it from the other buildings was divergent. The axial composition of the residential house between a garden and a yard was formed, the importance of a representative yard has increased. After the upheavals, the late 18th century Baroque period distinguished in the design of granges-residences several design directions of creating nobility residences: reconstruction-development of bastion castles, becoming prestigious residences for their owners, as well as a creation of new realizations which built upon the principles of design of developed axial composition. The axial compositional model characteristic to Baroque classicism was spread, which especially widely overspreeded the French aesthetic principles in Europe, and also in Lithuania.The compositional axis which at the beginning of the 17th century formed representativeness of residences, was developed in the 18th century, when its hierarchical series and its ensemble was formed. Baroque classicism manifested in principles of forming plan and space structure of Classicism that was based on harmony and order - the design grid, the axis and the symmetry. Features characteristic to the Baroque aesthetic expression: theatricality of the compositional axis, illusional infinite of deep perspective, dynamism of avenues and visual axes, perceived as the beauty of movement. In large and medium-sized estate granges the aesthetic features, saved after the wars of the mid 17th century and the early 18th century, that were formed during the 17th-18th century as characteristic to the country ideology, manisfested themselves in racionality of grange structure based on “yard” tradition, and direct connection to the landscape. Baroque cultural period coinciding with the greatest upheavals, is important to the country history due to formed structure bases of GDL estate grange, which in the later eras were further developed and interpreted, not forgetting traditions and the memory associated with GDL statehood marks. [From the publication]