Vertinamieji žmonių įvardijimai Janio Jaunsudrabinio trilogijoje "Aija" ir jos lietuviškajame vertime

LTReikšminiai žodžiai: Aleksandras Žirgulys; Janis Jaunsudrabinis; Reikšmė; Vertimas; Vertinamasis įvardijimas; Šnekamoji kalba; Aleksandras Žirgulys; Conversational style; Evaluative names; Janis Jaunsudrabins; Janis Jaunsudrabinš; Meaning; Translation.

ENThe paper deals with the names in the trilogy "Aija" (1911) by Jānis Jaunsudrabiņš, the classic of Latvian literature, and their equivalents in Lithuanian translated by Aleksandras Žirgulis (1977, second edition). In the trilogy, the names with the evaluative seme are used in the speech act or while thinking. These names said aloud are meant for interlocutors of the same or younger age or of lower social status. Usually women and children or teenagers (men - only when they are agitated or drunk) use such words to describe people around them. The material of the research: 213 nouns or noun combinations, e.g., nāve – giltinė "death", tāds ute – toks utėlė "such a louse", pasaules staigulis – svieto perėjūnas "vagabond". The majority (68.5%) of such names are of a generalizing nature, e.g., greizdirdīgs – pavyduolis ("jealous person"), tā ģībēja – ta nugeibėlė ("this puny one"). Nouns with a metaphorical meaning are less frequent. They ether directly indicate an animal (19.7%), e.g., Rīgas muša – Rygos musė ("Riga’s fly"), or an imaginary mythical creater (5.6%), e.g., tas velns – tas velnias ("that devil"), or realia (6.1%), e.g., mušmire – musmirė ("death cap mushroom"). The figurative meanings of some of the nouns are well-established – they are included in the dictionaries and have marks that indicate stylistic connotation; for example, both Latvian suns and Lithuanian šuo ("dog") have a figurative derogatory meaning in the dictionaries. The most popular evaluative name in the trilogy – muļķis, -e, muļķītis ("silly person") translated into the Lithuanian language mulkis, -ė, kvaiša, kvaila, kvailiukas. Words and word combinations of negative evaluation dominate. Evaluative names used for people reveal not only personal relations between the speakers but also an attitude.They also reveal the world view of the speaker and the historical and cultural traditions of society he belongs to. Therefore, specific Latvian and regional utterances were avoided in Lithuanian translation, e.g., mednis ("wood grouse", about a gaping teenager) – apuokas, cf. idiom liūno apuokas ("gaper"), vācieši "Germans" – ponėkai ("loungers"), mirons kas mirons – numirėlis, numirėlis ("dead man"). [From the publication]

• Kalbotyra / Linguistics
• Literatūrologija / Literary Studies