Rytų Pabaltijo neolito – senojo žalvario amžiaus ūkinio ir visuomeninio gyvenimo modelis

LTReikšminiai žodžiai: Ankstyvasis bronzos amžius; Archeologija; Archeologiniai radiniai; Baltijos jūros regionas; Bronzos amžius; Gamybinis ūkis; Gimininė gentinė bendruomenė; Kasdienybė; Medžioklė; Neolitas; Pabaltijo regionas; Patriarchalinė giminė; Rankiojimas; Rinkimas; Rytų Pabaltijys; Senasis žalvario amžius; Šeima; Žvejyba; Žūklė; Archaeological finds; Archaeology; Baltic Region; Baltic Sea region; Bronze Age; Commonness; Early Bronze Age; Eastern Baltic region; Family; Farming economy; Fishing; Gathering; Hunting; Neolithic; Neolithic Age; Patriarchal kindred; Tribal community.

EN1. In the eastern Baltic region a fanning economy appeared alongside the traditional hunting, fishing and gathering in the Early Neolithic period, simultaneously marking the beginning of the new age. These changes were caused to a great extent by the acquaintance of the eastern Baltic peoples with the Funnel Beaker culture. 2. In the Early Neolithic era two regions can be distinguished here with regard to the differences in natural conditions: the northwestern northern and the southwestern southern, separated by the groups of lakes of the last glaciation. The economic development of these areas was different. Natural peculiarities conditioned the kind of game hunted and the fishes caught, while the geographical environment influenced the character of direct trade and contacts. Besides, there were significant farming differences between the people of the Baltic seashore and those of the continent. 3. Since the Middle and Late Neolithic Age the economic life concentrated on agriculture and animal husbandry in the western area and only on animal husbandry in the east. In the late Neolithic era economy had reached an advanced level in the west, while in the east it remained in the initial stage. 4. In the Early Bronze Age the economic development reached an advanced stage in the eastern Baltic areas, and in the west it was quite well developed. Therefore Neolithization processes, peculiar to central and northwestern Europe in the fourth and third millennia BC, are observed in the eastern Baltic area only in the Early Bronze Age - in the third quarter of the second millennium BC.The economic development and its consolidation proceeded very slowly in the eastern Baltic area. Two periods can be distinguished in that process - the first was closely related with the Beaker and Globula Amphora cultures, and the second not subjected to any outside influences and depending only on internal economic changes - the metalworking and the use of metals. In the Early and Late Neolithic Ages, hunting, fishing and gathering remained the main branches of economy. The economic progress was slow throughout the entire Neolithic era in the eastern Baltic area. The principal economic and social changes took place in the Middle Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages. The changes of the social structure were the following: a) the appearance of patrilocal and patrilineal families, their development and merger into the patriarchal kindred was a slow process, occupying the whole Neolithic period. Patriarchal relations were finally established in the course of the Old Bronze Age together with the consolidation of a farming economy; b) in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages the tribal community settled in a strictly defined, protected and defended territory. There appeared fortified settlements and hill-forts. Particularly important was the beginning of animal husbandly and agriculture; c) the role of lite family underwent changes in the period under consideration. With the increase of the division of labour in tribal communities during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages, the separate family, though still dependant on the large family, began to acquire an ever-greater importance. A separate nuclear family with its individual farm had not yet developed by the end of the Bronze Age. Due to a low level of the economic development it could not yet separate from the larger patriarchal kindred. [From the publication]