Petro Skargos "Seimo pamokslai" XVI a. LDK politinių traktatų kontekste

LTStraipsnis skirtas žymaus XVI a. kontrreformacijos veikėjo, publicisto ir polemisto Petro Skargos (Piotr Skarga Powęski, Petrus Skarga, 1536–1612) veikalo „Seimo pamokslai“ (Kazania sejmowe) analizei. Būdamas Lenkijos karaliaus ir Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio Zigmanto Vazos pamokslininku, Skarga aktyviai dalyvavo seimo posėdžiuose, buvo gerai susipažinęs su to meto Valstybės būkle, jos politinėmis, tikybinėmis, moralinėmis problemomis. Skarga analizuoja laisvės ir atsakomybės problemas, smerkia „erezijas“, gina vieno tikėjimo ir vienos – Katalikų Bažnyčios – idėją. Straipsnyje atkreipiamas dėmesys į Skargos Seimo pamokslų sąsajas su kitų Lietuvos ir Lenkijos publicistų – Mykolo Lietuvio, Andriaus Fryčo Modževskio, Stanislovo Ožechovskio, Andriaus Volano, Augustino Rotundo – veikalais, pabrėžiamas jų susirūpinimas Valstybės likimu. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Petras Skarga; Seimo pamokslai; Respublika; Bažnyčia; Valstybė.

EN"Kazania sejmowe" (The Sejm Sermons) by Piotr Skarga (1536–1612) was published in Cracow in 1597. Right from its appearance it caused a disagreement as to which genre it should have been attributed to – whether it should have been seen as ‘sermons’, that is, an expression of oratorical creation, or as a literary text; whether these sermons had actually been preached, or it was a publicistic work addressed to the Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland, the aim of which was to draw the Sejm’s attention to urgent matters of state importance of that time. It is known, however, that on becoming the preacher of Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Skarga used to be active in the assemblies of the Sejm and was well informed about the situation in the Republic of the Two Nations. Following the classical tradition (Plato and Aristotle), Skarga compares the structure of the Republic to the human body and diagnoses the critical ‘maladies’ which, according to him, erode that body: a lack of love for the homeland, disagreements with neighbours, the tolerance of heresies, that is, of Protestant faiths, the weakening of the royal power, unjust laws, the weakening of the influence of the Catholic faith and the Church, and violations of rights and laws. Skarga’s Kazania sejmowe manifests obvious links with other political treatises that appeared in Lithuania and Poland in the 16th century, and which also highlighted the ideas of administration of and responsibility for the state. In this context mention should be made of the works by Mykolas Lietuvis (Michalo Lituanus), Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Stanisław Orzechowski, Augustinus Rotundus (Mieleski), and Andreas Volanus.It can thus be concluded that 16th-century reflections on the development of the state and society in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania featured the position of communis opinio humanistarum, that is, a collective concern of educated people, intellectuals, clergymen and public figures about the fate of the State, and their desire to improve it by their own effort. Here, the contribution of Skarga is immense, although it has not been adequately addressed by the research in the writings of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. [From the publication]