Architektūros mokymas Polocko jėzuitų kolegijoje ir akademijoje

LTPolocko jėzuitų kolegija XVIII a. pab. tapo svarbiausiu jėzuitų mokslo židiniu rusėniškose Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės teritorijose. Polocke po jėzuitų ordino panaikinimo susitelkę šios vienuolijos mokslininkai sukūrė efektyvų studijų modelį: Polocko kolegijoje, kuriai 1812 m. suteiktas akademijos statusas, įkurta architektūros katedra, visi menai apjungti į vieną fakultetą europinių menų akademijų pavyzdžiu. Tuo metu metodologiškai apibrėžtas architektūros kursas. Straipsnyje aptariamos architektūros ugdymo Polocko akademijoje kryptys, architektūros dėstytojų veikla ir edukacinės programos. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Architektūros mokymas; Jėzuitai; Polocko jėzuitų kolegija; Polocko jėzuitų akademija; Studies of architecture; Education; Jesuits; Polotsk Jesuit College; Polotsk Jesuit Academy.

ENThe activities of the Jesuit College in Polotsk, the most significant source of education in the Slavonic lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, were of particular importance in the field of architecture studies. At the end of the 18th century, in view of a model of secular institutions, architecture shaped into a sovereign subject even though it was not a compulsory subject. It was taught by highly qualified architects such as Gabriel Lenkiewicz, Bazyli Szlachta, Franciszek Kareau, Andrzej Żebrowski, Gabriel Gruber, and Manswert Skokowski. In 1812, the College was awarded the status of academy, where the Department of Architecture was established. Unlike a respective department in Vilnius University, the one in Polotsk was in the same faculty as art departments. A clear-cut specialisation was typical of the subject: professional military and civil construction studies were separated, and the didactic process became methodologically consistent. The focus of the architecture curricula fell on practical and technological matters (knowledge of construction materials, constructions, and interior decorations) rather than on theoretical analysis of aesthetic issues; therefore, the studies had the form of deeper studies of museum collections and doing practical work. The research has concluded that the organising of architecture studies in this institution in 1812–1820 was closer to the principles applied in art academies. It has been found that professors of Polotsk College (later – academy) and its graduates lectured on architecture in other Slavonic Jesuit colleges (in Mstislav, Sluck, Vitebsk, Mogiliov) in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. [From the publication]