Sisteminis skurdo problemos tyrimas Lietuvoje

• Zabarauskaitė, Rasa
• Gruževskis, Boguslavas

LTNacionalinėje reformų darbotvarkėje Lietuva numatė siekį iki 2020 metų sumažinti skurde gyvenančių ir socialiai atskirtų žmonių arba žmonių, kuriems tai gresia, skaičių iki 814 tūkst. gyventojų. Siekiant skurdo mažinimo tikslų bei intervencijų efektyvumo, pirmiausia tikslinga identifikuoti skurstančiųjų charakteristikas bei išsiaiškinti pagrindines skurdo priežastis. 2014 m. gegužės–gruodžio mėn. nevyriausybinės organizacijos Lietuvos „Carito“ užsakymu Lietuvos socialinių tyrimų centro Darbo rinkos tyrimų instituto mokslininkai atliko „Sisteminį skurdo problemos tyrimą Lietuvoje“, kuriuo siekta įvertinti skurdo paplitimą Lietuvoje ir numatyti jo mažinimo galimybes (priemones). Tyrimo tikslo buvo siekiama projekto veiklas organizuojant trimis pagrindinėmis kryptimis: per skurdo ir socialinės atskirties rodiklių Lietuvoje analizę (kartu išryškinant ir jų silpnąsias metodologiniu požiūriu vietas), kiekybinį bei kokybinį skurdo tyrimą. Projekto įgyvendinimo metu buvo: 1. Išnagrinėti bendrieji skurdo matavimo teoriniai aspektai, identifikuojant metodologiniu požiūriu silpnąsias skurdo rodiklių matavimo vietas. 2. Apžvelgti Lietuvoje atliktų skurdo tyrimų pagrindiniai rezultatai bei gerosios ES šalių praktikos pavyzdžiai. 3. Remiantis skirtingais informacijos šaltiniais įvairiais pjūviais išanalizuota skurdo situacija Lietuvoje ES šalių kontekste. Analizė atlikta pagal skirtingas namų ūkių demografines ir socialines-ekonomines charakteristikas, identifikuotos pagrindinės skurstančiųjų Lietuvoje grupės. 4. Parengtas klausimynas, atlikta socialinę paramą gaunančių asmenų sociologinė apklausa ir išanalizuoti tyrimo duomenys. Apklausa buvo siekiama išsiaiškinti pagrindines vargingai gyvenančių asmenų (šeimų) problemas bei priežastis ir nustatyti pagalbos poreikį.5. Atliktas kokybinis sociologinis tyrimas siekiant išsiaiškinti socialinę paramą gaunančių žmonių gyvenimo skurde patirtį, šios patirties sąlygojamų problemų gylį ir identifikuoti skurdo mažinimo priemones (vykdytoja – Renata Sadunišvili ir Jolanta Aleknevičienė). Šiame leidinyje glaustai pateikiami pagrindiniai atliktos analizės bei tyrimo rezultatai ir rekomendacijos dėl skurdo mažinimo Lietuvoje.

ENIn May–December 2014 researchers from the Institute of Labour and Social Research of the Lithuanian Social Research Centre carried out a Systematic Study of Poverty in Lithuania by order of non-governmental organisation Caritas Lithuania. The main objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of poverty in Lithuania. The study was organised along three main axes: analysis of poverty and social exclusion indicators in Lithuania (including emphasis on weaknesses from the methodological point of view), quantitative poverty survey and qualitative poverty research. The study encompassed the following activities: 1. An analysis of general theoretical aspects of poverty measuring, including identification of methodological weaknesses in the measuring of poverty indicators. 2. A review of main results from poverty studies conducted in Lithuania and good practices of EU countries. 3. A cross-cutting analysis of the poverty situation in Lithuanian, based on different sources, in the context of EU Member States. The analysed data was broken down by different demographic and social-economic household characteristics to identify the main groups of people living in poverty in Lithuania. 4. Preparation of a questionnaire, sociological survey of recipients of social benefits and analysis of survey data. The survey was aimed at identifying the main problems faced by persons (households) living in poverty, their reasons and the need for assistance. A total of 1,054 recipients of social benefits from 21 Lithuanian urban/regional municipalities were interviewed. Respondents were asked about the reasons of poverty, possibilities to satisfy basic needs, motivation to work, assistance provided by Caritas, measures that would help their families out of poverty, etc.A qualitative research with the aim to discover the life in poverty experience of people receiving social security payments, to ascertain the depth of the problems conditioning this experience and to identify poverty reduction measures. Researchers tried to find out what meaning people living in poverty give to their experience and how does this experience condition their future life goals. This research enhanced and deepened the quantitative research where the aim was to find out the problems faced by and reasons why people live in poverty, and to determine how much and what help they need. During the qualitative research three focus groups were conducted with people experiencing poverty, as well as nine semi-structured interviews (personal, pair and group) with specialists working with social security recipients. In total interviews were held with 12 informants, whilst 23 informants participated in the focus groups. The main themes that were covered in interviews with specialists were as follows: - how and why do people end up on this list of social security payment recipients; - which groups of people are most vulnerable; - what support, assistance and what measures are applied at present, which measures are effective, which are ineffective, and why; what kind of support encourages and which kind dampens a person’s initiative to do something; how do people find the Caritas charity. In the focus groups with people living in poverty, the topics that were discussed included: - reasons for poverty; - opportunities to change the situation; - the precision and necessity of support and assistance; - reasons for unemployment and desire to work; - successful cases and people’s hopes. The research results were treated and analyzed as per the phenomenological tradition, without seeking to find one single answer or truth, but rather highlighting the importance of all the informants’ opinions.