Lietuvių švietimo draugijų steigimas ir veiklos pradžia 1906-1915 metais

LTReikšminiai žodžiai: Lietuvių švietimo draugijos; Tautinis sąjūdis; Švietimo draugijos; „Ryto“ švietimo draugija; „Saulės“ švietimo draugija; „Vilniaus Aušros“ švietimo draugija; „Šviesos“ švietimo draugija; „Žiburio“ šveitimo draugija; Education Societies; Lithuanian Education Societies; Lithuanian educational societies; Lithuanian national revival; Rytas educational society; Saulė educational society; Vilniaus Aušra educational society; Šviesa educational society; Žyburys educational society.

ENThe concessions undertaken by the tsarist government in legalising Lithuanianhood and the revolution of 1905 forcing Tsar Nicholas II to issue the manifesto determined the changes in the Russian national policy in respect of the Lithuanian nation in the early 20th century. Even if the manifesto declared the democratic rights and freedoms of citizens, the exercise of those rights was restricted by provisional laws. Russification became milder. By the decree of 22 April 1906, the teaching of Lithuanian in one class and two-class primary and secondary schools was permitted in Vilnius, Kaunas, and Grodno governorates. The possibilities for the spread of national education emerged. The organizations of culture and education could only be established in a specific governorate. In 1906-1907 the first Lithuanian education societies were founded. The statutes of education societies Žiburys and Šviesa were approved by the governor of Suwałki Governorate, Saulė - by the governor of Kaunas Governorate, Vilniaus aušra - by the governor of Vilnius Governorate. After the change of laws, in 1912 the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Empire approved the statute of the society Rytas, which anticipated its activities in Vilnius Governorate. The activities of the societies were organised through their local units at the expense of their sponsors, without any support from the government. All education societies founded and maintained primary schools, writing schools for adults, secondary schools, bookshops, and reading-rooms. The activities of Catholic education societies Saulė and Žiburys were more extensive. The education society Saulė founded the greatest number of primary schools. Secondary school - Marijampol girls' progymnasium - was established by the education society Žiburys, whereas the principal specialized school - teaching courses in Kaunas - was instituted by the education society Saulė.The education societies of liberal trend Šviesa and Vilniaus aušra found it more difficult to establish schools due to financial shortages and a strictly ne gative approach of the tsarist administration. In September 1908 they were closed down. The schools established by education societies shaped the principal characteristics of the national school, which laid the foundations to the education system of the First Republic of Lithuania. [From the publication]

• Displacement and education: some observations on the situation in Ober Ost, between 1914 and 1918 / Andrea Griffante. Acta historica universitatis Klaipedensis. 2015, t. 31, p. 185-200.
• Lietuvių dienraštis "Vilniaus žinios" (1904-1909): tautinė pozityvistinė programa / Auksuolė Čepaitienė. Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 2021, 2021/2, p. 83-118.
• Žemaitės kanonizavimas: kritika, švietimas ir Raštų leidyba (1895-1918) / Ramunė Bleizgienė. Lietuvių literatūros kanono dirbtuvės (XIX a. pabaiga - XX a. pirma pusė) / sudarė Viktorija Šeina. Vilnius : Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2022. P. 205-306.