Darbo užmokesčio diferenciacija Lietuvos darbo rinkoje

LTDarbe analizuojama darbo užmokesčio diferenciacija ir ją lemiantys veiksniai. Moksliniuose šaltiniuose akcentuojama, kad darbo užmokestis turėtų būti teisingas lyginant jį su kitų organizacijų bei tos pačios organizacijos darbuotojų darbo užmokesčiu, tačiau pastarasis turi būti diferencijuojamas, nes skirtingoms profesijoms, pareigoms ir darbams negali būti nustatomas vienodo dydžio darbo užmokestis. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad darbo rinkoje darbo užmokesčio diferenciacija pirmiausia susiformuoja regioniniu lygmeniu: valstybės, apskričių bei miestas ir kaimas aspektu. Šio pobūdžio skirtumus lemia regiono ekonominis išsivystymas ir plėtra, darbo rinkos sąlygos, teisiniai aktai, profesinių sąjungų veikla, minimalaus darbo užmokesčio nustatymas ir pan. Regioniniai, šakiniai darbo užmokesčio skirtumai dažnai sukelia problemų ne tik darbuotojams, bet ir visai valstybei, stabdo ekonomikos augimą, jos tolygią plėtrą, todėl siekiant aukštesnio visuomenės pragyvenimo lygio svarbu įvertinti darbo užmokesčio diferenciaciją ir jos priežastis bei siekti tolygaus pajamų augimo. Skirtingose šalies ūkio šakose (ekonominėse veiklose, sektoriuose, įmonėse) taip pat egzistuoja darbo užmokesčio diferenciacija, kurią lemia atskirų verslo šakų pelningumas bei našumas. Profesijos pasirinkimas, kvalifikacijos kėlimas turi įtakos skirtingam darbuotojų darbo užmokesčiui. Skirtumus dar labiau padidina nevienodos darbo sąlygos bei paties darbuotojo motyvacija ir indėlis darbo metu. Egzistuoja diskriminacinė darbo užmokesčio diferenciacija, kuri pasireiškia darbo užmokesčio skirtumais tarp lyčių, skirtingo amžiaus, rasės aspektu. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Darbo užmokestis; Darbo užmokesčio atotrūkis; Darbo užmokesčio diferenciacija; Diskriminacija; Discrimination; Wage; Wage differentiation; Wage gap.

ENPaper deals with wage differentiation and its factors. Having assessed that wages should be fair in comparison with other organizations and within the staff of the same organization, it is claimed that wages must be differentiated, because they cannot be equally paid for different jobs, occupations, responsibilities and for different works. The research problem: the wage should be differentiated considering the work nature, work conditions, occupation, and responsibility, thus increasing motivation and compensating the risk at work. Wage differentiation in the different regions, economic areas and sectors causes economic growth problems and unsustainable regional development. Wage differentiation cannot be discriminatory, i.e. wages shall not be differentiated by gender, age, race and nationality. Seeking for a higher standard of living in a society it is necessary to define the causes influencing the wage gap in order to achieve the sustainable income growth. The research problem is formulated in the following questions: What factors have the greatest impact on wage differentiation in Lithuanian labour market? Which economic activity sectors showed the highest wage differentiation? The research aim: to analyse and assess wage differentiation in Lithuania. The research goals: to define the concept of wage differentiation and identify factors influencing it; to analyse and assess wage differentiation. The research methods include a scientific literature review and mathematical statistics methods. Considering the fact that wages are included into the costs of labour and their influence directly the consumption of goods and services, in other words, wages are a reward for the performed work, therefore it is reasonably claimed that every person has the right to choose the right job and to receive a salary seeking to cover his living expenses.Wages must ensure the employee’s social prestige, based on his/her qualification, and to encourage employees’ motivation and stability. However, due to economic, financial, political and social reasons the wage differentiation can take the form of regional, sectoral, professional or other nature. Regional inequalities are determined by different economic development, labour market conditions, legislation, trade union activities, and the established defined minimum wage rate. Different sectors (economic activities, companies) also have the wage differentiation, which is determined by profitability and productivity in particular business areas. The research results showed that in the period from 2002 to 2011 the average monthly gross (1759.80 Lt) and net salary (1216.54 Lt) increased more than twice. It was determined by the increased minimum salary up to 800 Lt and the effect of revenue legalisation. The gap between the gross and the net wages decreased, i.e. it decreased from 28.16 per cent up to 22.23 per cent. These changes were determined by changing tax rates (which are paid by an employee). During the researched period, wages in state sector were 32 per cent higher than wages in private sector due to the informal economic activities, because it is easier to hide true income in private sector. The average gross wages in Vilnius County exceeded the most the general gross wages in the country (12 per cent), because this region involves the most qualified employees, business objects and direct foreign investments. It was estimated that the average gross wage paid to men 17 per cent exceeded the average gross wage paid to women because of the unequal men and women labour force dispersion in different economic sectors and positions. Even 75.46 per cent of part-time workers and 9.41 per cent of full-time workers receive minimum wages.[...]. [From the publication]

• Politikos mokslai / Political sciences
• Ekonomika / Economics
• Sociologija / Sociology