Lyginamoji įkeitimo teisės reformos analizė : modernaus įkeitimo sampratos problemos

LTStraipsnyje analizuojama antrojoje XX amžiaus pusėje, o ypač paskutiniu jo dešimtmečiu, daugelyje pasaulio valstybių ir tarptautiniu mastu pradėtos kilnojamojo turto įkeitimo teisės reformos priežastys, rezultatai, iškilusios problemos ir tikėtinos raidos tendencijos. Straipsnio tikslas - pasitelkus lyginamąją teisėtyrą pateikti modernaus kilnojamojo turto įkeitimo sampratą ir suformuluoti būdingus šio instituto principus. Remiantis šiais principais straipsnyje konceptualiai vertinama Lietuvos kilnojamojo turto įkeitimo teisės reforma. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Įkeitimas; Įkeitimo teisė; Modernus įkeitimas; Charges; Law on charges; Modern charges.

ENArticle provides a comparative overview of the attempts to reform the traditional model of the chattel security law, undertaken in the twentieth century in six different jurisdictions of the world, namely France, Germany, England, USA, Quebec and Lithuania. The aim of the article is to formulate a universal concept of modern pledge over movable property or, in case it is revealed that such a homogeneous notion does not still exist, it is sought to elaborate the basic principles on which modern security law should be based. As the author submits, the results of the comparative research clearly indicate that traditional concepts of security law are extremely difficult to erode. For example, France is still hostile towards non-possessory and non-specific chattel security devices. Germany has also been reluctant to make any more substantial legislative efforts in order to modernize the security law. Yet German courts have gradually developed substitutes for non - possessory pledge in the form of Eigentumsvorbehalt and Sicherungsübereignung, where it is the ownership that serves the function of collateral. England, despite being security friendly jurisdiction, has just started the reform of an existing complex system of security over personalty. On the other hand, the USA should be considered as the jurisdiction having fully reformed its security law. Article 9 of the UCC, adopted by all fifty states, has developed a comprehensive and sophisticated set of rules, governing all security interests in movable property. However, both the original Article 9 and the revised Article 9 are based on a functional approach to the security law. It seems that functionalism can hardly be accepted by the continental legal tradition, nor has it been approved in England. The article examines the content and origins of functionalism. In addition to this, the opposing doctrine of formalism is also presented.This doctrine, implemented in Quebec, also promotes modern security law reform, yet it does not recognize the uniform concept of security rights. The author proposes that it is impossible to provide for the universally accepted concept of modern chattel security law. However, the results of the comparative survey clearly indicate the existence of common principles, which shape the notion of the contemporary security interest. Thus, fifteen core principles are presented and briefly discussed. The final part of the analysis is devoted to an in depth study of the major features of recent changes in Lithuanian security law. The author concludes that in general Lithuanian chattel security law reform, based on the doctrine of formalism, corresponds to the major principles of modern security. However, there are certain problems, inter alia restrictions on the universal charges, application of the doctrine of specificity and defective regulation of the foreclosure proceedings. Finally, the measures suitable to solve the discovered problems are proposed and debated. [From the publication]