Emigrantų elgsena, susijusi su piniginiais pervedimais ir jų panaudojimu : Lietuvos atvejis

LTVystantis tarptautinei darbo rinkai, plečiantis darbo migracijos procesams, Lietuvai, kaip ir kitoms šalims, ypač aktualios tampa migracijos pasekmės. Daugelį metų migracija buvo vertinama kaip ekonomikos augimo negatyvaus pobūdžio pasekmė, susijusi su „protų nutekėjimu", kvalifikuotų gyventojų praradimu ir pan. Šiuo metu mokslininkų, politikų ir visuomenės požiūris į migracijos procesą nėra vienareikšmis, nes globalios ekonomikos sąlygomis gyventojų migracija gali prisidėti prie šalies ekonomikos vystymosi ne tik moksliniais pasiekimais, darbo patirtimi, bet ir emigrantų piniginiais pervedimais. Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais buvo atlikta užsienio autorių tyrimų, kurie nagrinėja emigrantų piniginių pervedimų svarbą „kilmės" šalies ekonominiams procesams. Atskirų šalių empirinių tyrimų rezultatai buvo skirtingi ir nevienareikšmiai. Straipsnyje keliami probleminiai klausimai: kaip emigrantų elgsena, susijusi su piniginiais pervedimais, priklauso nuo jų socialinių, demografinių ir profesinių charakteristikų? Kaip emigrantų piniginiai pervedimai panaudojami kilmės šalyje? Straipsnyje, remiantis emigrantų nuomonės tyrimo rezultatais, atskleidžiami įvairioms socialinėms, demografinėms, profesinėms grupėms priklausančių emigrantų elgsenos, pervedant pinigines lėšas į kilmės šalį, ypatumai. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Emigracija; Emigrantų elgsena; Piniginiai pervedimai; Emigrants behaviour; Emigration; Remittances.

EN[...] The paper raises the following problem questions: How does emigrants' behaviour with remittances depend on their social, demographic, occupational characteristics? How do emigrants use remittances in their in home country? A survey of emigrants was conducted and data on their socio-demographic characteristics, behaviour with remittances, their use in the home country were gathered. The methods of statistical data analysis, descriptive statistics, data grouping, frequency analysis were used, the hypothesis was tested in the chi-square test. Analysis of study results showed that social, demographic, occupational characteristics of emigrants, country characteristics and the analysed period affected emigrants' behaviour with and use of remittances in the home country. The survey showed that gender, age, education, the level of incomes and a decision to re-emigrate had a statistically significant influence on a decision to remit part of earnings to Lithuania through formal or informal channels and use them for personal, family consumption or investment. Men, persons overthe age of 30, with tertiary education, employed before emigration remitted more often than women, those with secondary or lower education, former unemployed persons, students. The remitted sums varied: larger sums were usually remitted by the above mentioned groups as well as by those, whose earnings were higher in the host country.Remittances also depended on a decision to reemigrate: those who were planning to re-emigrate, especially in the near future, remitted more often than those who did not. It was identified that those who intended to return to Lithuania received lower incomes in the host country than the rest of the respondents, their remittances were smaller. Survey results showed that the largest part of remittances was used for daily consumption but less compared to the part of household incomes spent in Lithuania. The respondents spent relatively bigger sums for education, large purchases, house purchasing/reconstruction than households in Lithuania. Those who had businesses or were self- employed in Lithuania mostly did not develop business in Lithuania and only in individual cases invested part of their earnings. [From the publication]