Dekolektyvizacijos procesas Vidurio Europoje ir Lietuvoje
LTDekolektyvizacija (arba kolektyvinio žemės ūkio modelio transformacija), tai procesas palietęs tris pagrindinius žemės ūkio gamybos faktorius - žemę, kapitalą ir darbą - ir vykstantis kanu su ekonominės bei socialinės sistemos pasikeitimu. Agrarinių reformų politika stengiasi tarpusavyje suderinti prieštaringas strategijas: žemės grąžinimą buvusiems savininkams, kolektyvinių įmonių turto padalijimą tarp narių ir įmonės transformavimą į žemės ūkio bendroves ir kooperatyvus, žemės suteikimą žemės neturintiems žemdirbiams. Kuriasi naujos ūkininkavimo formos, kurių tarpusavio santykis skiriasi atskiruose regionuose. Dekolektyvizacijos proceso teritorinę diferenciaciją įtakoja nevienodas kaimo visuomenės vystymasis istorijos bėgyje. Šio proceso išdavoje formuojasi šeimyniniai ūkiai, kurie skiriasi pagal gamybos funkcionavimo logiką ir padėtį rinkoje. Greta prekinio ūkio, tiekiančio santykinai didelį produkcijos kiekį rinkai bei siekiančio modernizuotis, egzistuoja didelis skaičius natūrinių ūkių, kurių pagrindinis tikslas yra patenkinti šeimos maisto poreikius. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Agrarinė reforma; Dekolektyvizacija; Kooperatyvai; Vidurio Europa; Šeimyniniai ūkiai; Agrarian reform; Agricultural partnership; Central Europe; Cooperatives; Decollectivization; Family farm; Lithuania.
ENDecollectivization must be understood as a global process implemented to land, capital and work, as main farm's production factors, operating within the context of a complete economic and social systemic change. The Market Plan transformation in agriculture imposes radical changes in the system by eliminating production directives, administrative allocation of resources and the monopoly on the purchase of agricultural products, as well as the abolition of state administrative control of farming. Through macroeconomic reforms decrease quantity of agriculture production. The first difficulties in this process are in Lithuania linked to the economic and political integration of the country within the URSS. "Functional" reforms are accompanied by structural reforms that imposed the transformation of the kolkhozy and the sovkhozy (in Lithuania) and cooperatives (in Central Europe) into new agricultural structures compatible with the market economy. The restitution of the land to its former proprietors and the privatization of non-land agricultural goods radically modified the social balance in production and created new forms of production. The assignment of property rights on land, from one part, on farm capital, from the other one, takes on complicated modes of enforcement in each country through legal privatization procedures. The collectivist model's break down loaves place to a large range of structural social forms of production.Three structural forms of agricultural production coexist in Central Europe: transformed cooperatives and agricultural association in partnerships resulting from the restructuring of collective farms, family farms established on returned land, and mini-farms, lopins, similar to the auxiliary farms of the Soviet era. Transformed cooperatives and agricultural association adapt with difficulty and heir activity is decreasing. It is a transitional form, which provokes internal conflicts between participants having diverging interests. In Central Europe and in Lithuania as a result process of decollectivization are forming family farms. They are different according to a logic of production functioning and position in a market. Side by side the commodity farm which provide a large quantity of production to a market and endeavor to modernize, exist a big number of small producers. The main purpose of these producers are the maintenance of their own family by food products. They play the role of a „social buffer“ hat cushion the hardships brought about by the dismantling of the of the collectivist model. [Text from author]
