Sociologinis aspektas tiriant sovietmečio rekreacinės architektūros kokybę
LTSovietmečio laikotarpio architektūra - vienas opiausių klausimų Lietuvos architektūros istorijoje. Šiandien tai bene mažiausiai tyrinėtas architektūros istorijos tarpsnis, kurio įvairios vertės architektūrinis palikimas kelia kontraversiškų klausimų architektūros tyrinėtojams ir architektams. Jo likimas dažniausiai priklauso nuo ironiškos kritikos, šiandieninės drastiškos kovos už būvį, kurios įkarštyje jau nebegirdėti pavienių specialistų balsų. Akivaizdu, kad kontraversiškas istorijos tarpsnio vertinimas atsiradus tam tikrai laiko ir erdvės distancijai pastaruoju metu tampa vis ir aktualesnis. [... 1998-2003 m. atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas - atskleisti rekreacinės architektūros (1940-1990 m.) ypatumus ir įvertinti rekreacinių pastatų svarbiausiuose Lietuvos kurortuose (Palangoje, Druskininkuose, Birštone) kokybę. Buvo taikytas tarpdisciplininis tyrimų būdas. Greta menotyrinių tyrimų taikyti sociologijos mokslo metodai ir atliktas kokybinis pastatų naudotojų nuomonių tyrimas. Straipsnio tikslas - apibrėžti rekreacinės architektūros objektą, jos tikslus ir uždavinius, išryškinti rekreacinės veiklos ir architektūros ypatumus buvusioje SSRS bei pateikti apibendrintas atlikto kokybinio sociologinio tyrimo išvadas. [Iš Įvado]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Architektūros sociologija; Hipotetinis rekreacinės architektūros modelis; Kokybinis sociologinis tyrimas; Laisvalaikis; Poilsis; Rekreacija; Rekreacinė architektūra; Sovietmetis; Sovietmečio rekreacinė architektūra; Turizmas; Hypotetical model of recreational architecture; Leisure time; Qualitative sociological investigation; Recreation; Recreational achitecture; Recreational architecture; Recreational architecture of the Soviet period; Rest; Rest tourism; Sociology of architecture; Soviet period; Tourism.
ENThe soviet period is one of the sorest questions in the history of Lithuanian architecture that needs to be evaluated from today's perspective. After the restitution of independence the changed political, social and economic situation of Lithuania had an effect upon the development of Lithuanian health resorts. Many recreational buildings (rest-houses, sanatoria) of the soviet period are deserted; some of the valuable ones are even destroyed. The situation gives a very urgent motive to be in time for fixing and evaluating those buildings. The newness of the investigation is mostly determined by an interdisciplinary point of view. Along with the study of recreational buildings, a qualitative sociological investigation was carried out in order to find out the usability of the analyzed buildings and their correspondence to recent demands. The aim of the paper is to disclose the main theses of the investigation - to define the object, goals and tasks of recreational architecture and recreational building types, to illuminate the peculiarities of recreational activity and architecture in the former USSR and to present generalized conclusions of qualitative sociological investigation carried out in different health resorts of Lithuania. In order to define the relationship of recreation with architecture, it is suggested to treat recreation as a process defined by time and space, of a social or individual, integral or differential nature that covers all the rest forms' that helps to recreate the physical and spiritual strength, including tourism and convalescent-holiday treatment at leisure time.It is purposeful to complement the definition of recreational architecture according to which recreational architecture is a functional category of architectural activity that deals with problems of formation of space for recreational activities (buildings, complexes, territories) with the categories of imaginative and healthy (ecological, psychologically and emotionally acceptable) environment. Convalescent homes (sanatoria), rest and tourism institutions with the underlying recreational function are considered to be buildings of recreational architecture. In Lithuania (1940-1990) recreational architecture and its quality were highly affected by the general architectural and recreational politic in the former USSR. The characteristic features of the rest system formation in the former USSR were its mass nature, centralized system of organization (volitional planning, control and finance) that conditioned restricted recreational activities and recreational equipment building campaign in the territory of the whole former USSR. Architectural tendencies followed the main trends of the world recreational architecture; typologically many recreational objects find their equivalents. The most popular type of a recreational object in the former USSR was a rest-house; a new type of sanatorium-preventorium was created. The specific character of recreational buildings in the former USSR was determined by the state property, centralized control structure, large scales and architectural levelling conditioned by restricted building norms, recommendations and standardized projects. Major part of the analyzed recreational buildings do not comply with recent requirements: they are of an unsatisfactory status; known for irrational exploitation of spaces and area; of a problematic exploitation; form and materials of buildings that are unsuitable for the local climate; of a low comfort level.Sociological information enables to consider the suitability of the recreational objects for leisure purposes and to carry out evaluation of these objects, and presents valuable data for formation of a recreational environment. Analysis of the respondents' opinion revealed that: a) an obvious transformation of consumers' demand is active, leading from the soviet lifestyle model to that of a free market - buildings are adapted to perform new functions, people seek for a higher comfort level, more individual spaces, closer relation with the nature and psychological space comfort - tranquility, privacy, coziness, intimacy - as well as exploitation of rational space and effective area, cost-effectiveness and high quality of construction works; b) objects of a different architectural-artistic expression differently effect consumers and have a different meaning to them: an essentially negative position is prescribed to a typical soviet object, contradictory - to an object of the particular modern architectural expression and favorable - in respect of a traditional village environment. The formed hypothetical model of recreational architecture (following the results of the sociological investigation) is based on a traditional village environment with an explicated modern infrastructure conception. [Text from author]
