Žmoghaus teisių samprata krikščioniškoje ir utilitaristinėje pasaulėžiūroje

LTŽmogaus teisių srityje teisiniai sprendimai labai dažnai persipina su moraliniais. Diskursas apie žmogaus teisių universalumą neįmanomas, kol nėra visuotinai pripažintos objektyvios etikos doktrinos. Europos Sąjungos politiniame diskurse deklaruojama pagarba krikščioniškoms vertybėms. Vis dėlto krikščioniškoji etika dar nepersikėlė į Vakarų valstybių teisines sistemas, kurias, be kitų etinių doktrinų, stipriai veikia utilitarizmas. Straipsnyje analizuojama bei lyginama krikščioniškoji ir utilitaristinė žmogaus teisių samprata, taip pat šių etinių doktrinų galima įtaka bendros žmogaus teisių sampratos formavimui. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Krikščioniškoji etika; Utilitarizmas; Žmogaus teisės; Christiam ethics; Christian ethics; Human Rights; Utilitarianism.

ENThe aim of this work is to reveal and compare the Christian and utilitarian conceptions of human rights and their potential impact on the formation of the human rights concept. Democracies of the contemporary world generally recognize that human rights are the highest value, and the protection of human rights is the priority of internal and foreign policy. Human rights are often presented as a universal value. The State creates both national and international instruments to protect them. However, there is an illusion that the human rights concept is the same at least in the Western legal systems. Therefore, the question arises: do we have sufficient grounds to assert that the current concept of human rights is universal? Part of the Western society blames their countries, which tend to establish and protect certain human rights, that the same laws directly protect and violate human rights at the same time. People's worldview and recognition of moral norms are different. In addition, people are constantly influenced by the environment in which some pattern of human behavior is acceptable. Human behavior can vary at different times and in different circumstances, even if it belongs to the same person. Regarding the human rights, legal decisions very often intertwine with moral decisions. Since there is no universally accepted ideal objective morality, when taking moral decisions one relies on looking for a compromise in every situation, and this influences the deriving of the new human rights issue. In the political discourse the European Union has declared the respect for Christian values, but Christian ethics still has not entrenched in the Western legal systems, which, among other ethical doctrines, are strongly influenced by utilitarianism.Christian ethics is based on objective evaluation of the principles of human behavior. That permits to continue the discourse on the universality of human rights. In Christian ethics and doctrine the essence of human being is fully revealed only in a relation with God and with another human being. Therefore, a Christian concept of human rights is adequately balanced with the concept of public rights and interests. Utilitarianism, as an ethical doctrine, is accepted by the Western legal systems and is rooted in current legal and political discourse. It has linkages with Christian ethics, but can only be considered partially as a criterion for human rights and moral decision-making. Utilitarianism is based on subjective evaluation of the principles of human behavior, which leads to compromise in every situation. Thus it may lead into a situation where new human right breaches already recognized individual or group human rights. In the case of the formation of new human rights we must recognize certain features of the differences arising from the historical era and the prevailing moral and legal consciousness. However, while there are no universally accepted doctrine of objective ethics, the Institute of Human Rights have no solid ground for the discourse on universality of human rights - both basic and new - because the concept of human rights becomes a victim of compromises in unequal struggle against economic and political interests. [From the publication]

• Filosofija / Philosophy
• Teisė / Law
• Teologija / Theology